Editing Viking Age (section)

=== Portugal ===
In 844, a fleet of several dozen Viking [[longship]]s with square brown sails appeared in the ''Mar da Palha'' ("Sea of Straw"), i.e., the mouth of the river [[Tagus]].<ref name="Ferguson2009">{{cite book |last1=Ferguson |first1=Robert |title=The Vikings: A History |year=2009 |publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-1-101-15142-6 |page=218 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HY_klT7NjvAC&pg=PT218}}</ref> At the time, the city later called [[Lisbon]] was under Muslim rule and known in Arabic as ''al-Us̲h̲būna'' or ''al-ʾIšbūnah'' (الأشبونة).<ref name="JoaquínGómez1989">{{cite book|author1-last=Vallvé Bermejo |author1-first=Joaquín |author2-last=García Gómez|author2-first=Emilio |title=Nuevas ideas sobre la conquista árabe de España: toponimia y onomástica : discurso leído en el acto de su recepción pública|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2QCW_bAINd4C&pg=PA188|year=1989|publisher=Real Academia de la Historia|page=188|id=GGKEY:WJYGZ815TEG}}</ref><ref name="Logan2013" />{{rp|108–109}} After a thirteen-day siege in which they plundered the surrounding countryside, the Vikings conquered ''al-Us̲h̲būna'', but eventually retreated in the face of continued resistance by the townspeople led by their governor, Wahb Allah ibn Hazm.<ref name="Romero2004">{{cite book|author=Eduardo Morales Romero|title=Historia de los vikingos en España: ataques e incursiones contra los reinos cristianos y musulmanes de la Península Ibérica en los siglos IX–XI|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3s4pAQAAMAAJ&q=%22ibn%20Hazm%22|date= 2004|publisher=Miraguano Ediciones|isbn=978-84-7813-270-6|page=130}}</ref><ref name="LeguayMarques1993">{{cite book|author1=Jean-Pierre Leguay|author2=António Henrique R. de Oliveira Marques|author3=Maria Ângela V. da Rocha Beirante|title=Portugal das invasões germânicas à "reconquista"|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2gIrAQAAMAAJ&q=%22os%20vikings%22|year=1993|publisher=Editorial Presença|page=125|isbn=9789722317191}}</ref><ref name="JayyusiMarín1992">{{cite book|author1=Salma Khadra Jayyusi|author2=Manuela Marín|title=The Legacy of Muslim Spain|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cbfORLWv1HkC&pg=PA10|year=1992|publisher=Brill|isbn=90-04-09599-3|page=10}}</ref>

The chronicler Ibn Hayyān, who wrote the most reliable early history of al-Andalus, in his ''Kitāb almuqtabis'', quoted the Muslim historian Ahmad ibn Muhammad al-Rāzī:{{blockquote|At the end of the year 229/844, the ships of the Norsemen [ al-Urdumaniyin ], who were known in al-Andalus as majus, appeared off the western coast of al-Andalus, landing at Lisbon, their first point of entry to the forbidden lands. It was a Wednesday, the first day of Dhu al-Hijjah [20 August] in that year, and they remained there thirteen days, during which time they engaged in three battles with the Muslims.<ref name="Fadlan2012">{{cite book |last1=Fadlan |first1=Ibn |translator1-last=Lunde |translator1-first=Paul |translator2-last=Stone |translator2-first=Caroline |title=Ibn Fadlan and the Land of Darkness: Arab Travellers in the Far North |date=2012 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-0-14-197504-7 |page=100 |url=https://archive.org/details/IbnFadlanAndTheLandOfDarknessArabTravellersInTheFarNorthPenguinClassicsCopie/page/n99/mode/2up}}</ref>}}