Editing Ultraviolet (section)

===Analytic uses===

====Forensics====
UV is an investigative tool at the crime scene helpful in locating and identifying bodily fluids such as semen, blood, and saliva.<ref>
{{cite journal
 |last1=Springer |first1=E.       |last2=Almog     |first2=J.
 |last3=Frank    |first3=A.       |last4=Ziv       |first4=Z.
 |last5=Bergman  |first5=P.       |last6=Gui Quang |first6=W.
 |year=1994
 |title=Detection of dry bodily fluids by inherent short wavelength UV luminescence: Preliminary results
 |journal=Forensic Sci. Int.
 |volume=66 |issue=2 |pages=89–94
 |doi=10.1016/0379-0738(94)90332-8 |pmid=8063277
}}
</ref> For example, ejaculated fluids or saliva can be detected by high-power UV sources, irrespective of the structure or colour of the surface the fluid is deposited upon.<ref>
{{cite web
 |author1=Fiedler, Anja
 |author2=Benecke, Mark
 |display-authors=etal
 |title=Detection of semen (human and boar) and saliva on fabrics by a very high-powered UV- / VIS-light source
 |website=Bentham Science
 |url=http://www.benthamscience.com/open/toforsj/articles/V001/12TOFORSJ.pdf
 |access-date=2009-12-10 |url-status=dead
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121130113644/http://www.benthamscience.com/open/toforsj/articles/V001/12TOFORSJ.pdf
 |archive-date=30 November 2012
}}
</ref> [[UV/VIS spectroscopy|UV–vis microspectroscopy]] is also used to analyze trace evidence, such as textile fibers and paint chips, as well as questioned documents.

Other applications include the authentication of various collectibles and art, and detecting counterfeit currency. Even materials not specially marked with UV sensitive dyes may have distinctive fluorescence under UV exposure or may fluoresce differently under short-wave versus long-wave ultraviolet.

==== Enhancing contrast of ink ====
Using multi-spectral imaging it is possible to read illegible [[papyrus]], such as the burned papyri of the [[Villa of the Papyri]] or of [[Oxyrhynchus]], or the [[Archimedes palimpsest]]. The technique involves taking pictures of the illegible document using different filters in the infrared or ultraviolet range, finely tuned to capture certain wavelengths of light. Thus, the optimum spectral portion can be found for distinguishing ink from paper on the papyrus surface.

Simple NUV sources can be used to highlight faded iron-based [[ink]] on [[vellum]].<ref>
{{cite web
 |title=Digital photography of documents
 |publisher=wells-genealogy.org.uk
 |url=http://www.wells-genealogy.org.uk/photography.htm
 |url-status=dead
 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120919133157/http://www.wells-genealogy.org.uk/photography.htm
 |archive-date=2012-09-19
}}
</ref>

==== Sanitary compliance ====
[[File:Ultra-violet screening for potentially Ebola-carrying liquids (15811190376).jpg|alt=A person wearing full protective gear, glowing in ultraviolet light|thumb|After a training exercise involving fake [[body fluids]], a healthcare worker's [[personal protective equipment]] is checked with ultraviolet to find invisible drops of fluids. These fluids could contain deadly viruses or other contamination.]]
Ultraviolet helps detect organic material deposits that remain on surfaces where periodic cleaning and sanitizing may have failed. It is used in the hotel industry, manufacturing, and other industries where levels of cleanliness or contamination are [[Inspection|inspected]].<ref>
{{cite web
 |title=Defining "What is clean?"
 |series=Integrated cleaning and measurement
 |publisher=Healthy Facilities Institute
 |url=http://www.healthyfacilitiesinstitute.com/a_353-Defining_What_is_Clean
 |language=en |url-status=usurped |access-date=24 June 2017
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170921171252/http://www.healthyfacilitiesinstitute.com/a_353-Defining_What_is_Clean
 |archive-date=21 September 2017
}}
</ref><ref>{{cite news
 |title=Non-destructive inspection: Seeing through the B‑52
 |publisher=[[U.S. Air Force]]
 |website=afgsc.af.mil
 |url=https://www.afgsc.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/989575/non-destructive-inspection-seeing-through-the-b-52/
 |access-date=24 June 2017
 |archive-date=16 November 2017
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116031617/http://www.afgsc.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/989575/non-destructive-inspection-seeing-through-the-b-52/
 |url-status=live
 }}</ref><ref>
{{cite magazine
 |last1=Escobar  |first1=David
 |date=20 April 2015
 |title=Oxygen cleaning: A validated process is critical for safety
 |magazine=Valve Magazine
 |url=http://www.valvemagazine.com/web-only/categories/technical-topics/6658-oxygen-cleaning-a-validated-process-is-critical-for-safety.html
 |lang=en-gb  |url-status=live
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171115202939/http://www.valvemagazine.com/web-only/categories/technical-topics/6658-oxygen-cleaning-a-validated-process-is-critical-for-safety.html
 |archive-date=15 November 2017
}}
</ref><ref>
{{cite book
 |last1=Raj          |first1=Baldev
 |last2=Jayakumar    |first2=T.
 |last3=Thavasimuthu |first3=M.
 |date=2002
 |title=Practical Non-destructive Testing
 |page=10  |language=en-gb
 |publisher=Woodhead Publishing
 |isbn=9781855736009
 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qXcCKsL2IMUC&pg=PA10
}}
</ref>

Perennial news features for many television news organizations involve an investigative reporter using a similar device to reveal unsanitary conditions in hotels, public toilets, hand rails, and such.<ref>
{{cite magazine
 |title=New investigation finds some hotels don't wash sheets between guests
 |date=15 September 2016
 |magazine=House Beautiful
 |url=http://www.housebeautiful.com/lifestyle/news/a7060/clean-hotel-bed-sheets/
 |language=en |url-status=live
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703053642/http://www.housebeautiful.com/lifestyle/news/a7060/clean-hotel-bed-sheets/
 |archive-date=3 July 2017
}}
</ref><ref>
{{cite news
 |title=What's hiding in your hotel room?
 |date=17 November 2010
 |website=ABC News
 |url=https://abcnews.go.com/GMA/Health/hiding-hotel-room/story?id=1507794
 |url-status=live
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160722060221/https://abcnews.go.com/GMA/Health/hiding-hotel-room/story?id=1507794
 |archive-date=22 July 2016
}}
</ref>

==== Chemistry ====
[[UV/Vis spectroscopy]] is widely used as a technique in [[chemistry]] to analyze [[chemical structure]], the most notable one being [[conjugated system]]s. UV radiation is often used to excite a given sample where the fluorescent emission is measured with a [[spectrofluorometer]]. In biological research, UV radiation is used for [[quantification of nucleic acids]] or [[protein]]s. In environmental chemistry, UV radiation could also be used to detect [[Contaminants of emerging concern]] in water samples.<ref name="ReferenceA" />

In pollution control applications, ultraviolet analyzers are used to detect emissions of nitrogen oxides, sulfur compounds, mercury, and ammonia, for example in the flue gas of fossil-fired power plants.<ref>
{{cite book
 |editor-first=N.E. |editor-last=Battikha
 |year=2007
 |title=The Condensed Handbook of Measurement and Control
 |edition=3rd |pages=65–66
 |publisher=ISA
 |isbn=978-1-55617-995-2
}}
</ref> Ultraviolet radiation can detect thin sheens of [[oil spill|spilled oil]] on water, either by the high reflectivity of oil films at UV wavelengths, fluorescence of compounds in oil, or by absorbing of UV created by [[Raman scattering]] in water.<ref>
{{cite book
 |editor-first=Mervin |editor-last=Fingas
 |year=2011 |title=Oil Spill Science and Technology
 |pages=123–124
 |publisher=Elsevier
 |isbn=978-1-85617-943-0
}}</ref> UV absorbance can also be used to quantify contaminants in wastewater. Most commonly used 254&nbsp;nm UV absorbance is generally used as a surrogate parameters to quantify NOM.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite journal |last1=Lee |first1=Brandon Chuan Yee |last2=Lim |first2=Fang Yee |last3=Loh |first3=Wei Hao |last4=Ong |first4=Say Leong |last5=Hu |first5=Jiangyong |date=January 2021 |title=Emerging Contaminants: An Overview of Recent Trends for Their Treatment and Management Using Light-Driven Processes |journal=Water |language=en |volume=13 |issue=17 |pages=2340 |doi=10.3390/w13172340 |issn=2073-4441 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2021Water..13.2340L }}</ref> Another form of light-based detection method uses a wide spectrum of excitation emission matrix (EEM) to detect and identify contaminants based on their flourense properties.<ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=What is an Excitation Emission Matrix (EEM)? |url=https://www.horiba.com/int/scientific/technologies/fluorescence-spectroscopy/what-is-an-excitation-emission-matrix-eem/ |access-date=2023-07-10 |website=horiba.com |language=en |archive-date=10 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230710083853/https://www.horiba.com/int/scientific/technologies/fluorescence-spectroscopy/what-is-an-excitation-emission-matrix-eem/ |url-status=live }}</ref> EEM could be used to discriminate different groups of NOM based on the difference in light emission and excitation of fluorophores. NOMs with certain molecular structures are reported to have fluorescent properties in a wide range of excitation/emission wavelengths.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sierra |first1=M.M.D. |last2=Giovanela |first2=M. |last3=Parlanti |first3=E. |last4=Soriano-Sierra |first4=E.J. |date=February 2005 |title=Fluorescence fingerprint of fulvic and humic acids from varied origins as viewed by single-scan and excitation/emission matrix techniques |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.09.038 |journal=Chemosphere |volume=58 |issue=6 |pages=715–733 |doi=10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.09.038 |pmid=15621185 |bibcode=2005Chmsp..58..715S |issn=0045-6535 |access-date=10 July 2023 |archive-date=29 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240529134758/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0045653504008185?via%3Dihub |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="ReferenceA"/>

[[File:Fluorescent minerals hg.jpg|thumb|right|A collection of mineral samples fluorescing brilliantly at various wavelengths as seen while being irradiated by UV]]
Ultraviolet lamps are also used as part of the analysis of some [[mineral]]s and [[gems]].