Editing Tipu Sultan (section)

==The coinage system==
[[File:Double paisa of Tipu Sultan.jpg|thumb|Among his many innovations, Tipu introduced new coin denominations and new coin types, including this copper double paisa weighing over 23&nbsp;gm. The coin on the left also contains the emblem of the [[Kingdom of Mysore|Sultanate of Mysore]].]]
[[File:Mysore AV Fanam. AM 1218 (AD 1790-1791). Tipu Sultan. vz - MA-Shops.jpg|thumb|A gold coin issued by the Kingdom of Mysore during the reign of the Tipu Sultan.]]
The coinage of Tipu Sultan is one of the most complex and fascinating series struck in India during the 18th century. Local South India coinage had been struck in the area that became [[Mysore]] since ancient times, with the first gold coinage introduced about the 11th century (the elephant [[Pagoda (coin)|pagoda]]), and other pagodas continuing through the following centuries. These [[Pagoda (coin)|pagoda]] were always in the South Indian style until the reign of [[Hyder Ali|Haidar Ali]] (1761–1782), who added pagodas with Persian legends, plus a few very rare gold mohurs and silver rupees, always in the name of the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] emperor [[Shah Alam II]] plus the Arabic letter "ح" as the first letter of his name. His successor, Tipu Sultan, continued to issue [[Pagoda (coin)|pagodas]], mohurs and [[rupee]]s, with legends that were completely new. As for copper, the new large [[paisa]] was commenced by Haidar Ali in AH1195, two years before his death, with the elephant on the obverse, the mint on the reverse, and was continued throughout the reign of Tipu Sultan, who added other denominations. Tipu Sultan introduced a set of new [[Persian language|Persian]] names for the various denominations, which appear on all of the gold and silver coins and on some of the copper. They were:

'''Copper''': Qutb "قطب" for the 1/8 paisa ([[Persian language|Persian]] for the [[pole star]]) – Akhtar "اختر" for the 1/4 paisa (star) – Bahram "بهرام" for the 1/2 paisa (the planet [[Mars]]) – Zohra "زهره" for the paisa (the planet [[Venus]]) – either Othmani "عثمانی" for the double-paisa ([[Uthman|the third caliph]] of the Rashidun) or Mushtari "مشتری" (the planet [[Jupiter]]).

'''Silver''': Khizri "خضری" for the 1/32 rupee ([[Khidr|Khizr]] the prophet) – Kazimi "کاظمی" for the 1/16 rupee (for [[Musa al-Kadhim|Musa]], the seventh Shi'ite Imam) – Ja'fari "جعفری" for the 1/8 rupee ([[Ja'far al-Sadiq]], the sixth Shi'ite Imam) – Bâqiri "باقری" for the 1/4 rupee ([[Muhammad al-Baqir]], the fifth Imam) – Abidi "عبیدی" for the 1/2 rupee ([[Ali ibn Husayn Zayn al-Abidin|Ali Zain al-'Abidin]], the fourth Imam) – Imami for the rupee (reference to the [[The Twelve Imams|12 Shi'ite Imams]]) – Haidari "حیدری" for the double-rupee (lion, for [[Ali|Ali b. Abi Talib]], who was both the fourth caliph and the first Shi'ite Imam).

'''Gold''': Faruqi "فاروقی" for the pagoda ([[Umar|Umar al-Faruq]], the second caliph) – Sadîqi "صدیقی" for the double-pagoda ([[Abu Bakr]] al-Sadiq, the first caliph) – Ahmadi "احمدی" for the four-pagoda ( "most praised ", one of the name of the [[Islamic prophet]] [[Muhammad]]). During his first 4 years, the large gold coin was the [[mohur]], with an average weight of about 10.95g (AH1197-1200), replaced with the four-pagoda of 13.74g with the calendar change to the Mauludi "مولودی" system (AM1215-1219).

===Coinage dating system===
[[File:Coin of Tipu Sultan.jpg|left|thumb|2 gold Two [[Pagoda (coin)|Pagoda]] Coins issued by tipu Sultan ]]
The denomination does not appear on the [[Islamic calendar|Hijri]] dated gold coins, but was added on all the Mauludi dated pieces.

At the beginning of his first year, Tipu Sultan abandoned the [[Islamic calendar|Hijri]] dating system and introduced the Mauludi system (from the Arabic word "walad ", which means "birth "), based on the [[Solar calendar|solar]] year and the birth year of Muhammad (actually 571 AD, but for some perplexing reason reckoned as 572 by Tipu Sultan for his staff).

From the beginning of his reign, Tipu Sultan added the name of the Indian cyclic year on the large silver and gold coins, including this double-pagoda, together with his regnal year. Each of the names is Persian, though in several examples, the meaning of the names in India was different from the Iranian meaning (not indicated here). According to the Indian meanings, these are the cyclic years: Zaki "زکي" for cyclic 37, which corresponded to his year 1 ( "pure ") – Azâl "أزل" for 38 ( "[[eternity]] ", year 2) – Jalal "جَلال" for 39 ( "splendor ", year 3) – Dalv "دَلو" for 40 (the sign of [[Aquarius (constellation)|Aquarius]], year 4) – Shâ "شاه" for 41 ( "king ", year 5) – Sârâ "سارا" for 42 ( "fragrant ", year 6) – Sarâb "سراب" for 43 ( "[[mirage]] ", for year 7) – Shitâ "شتا" for 44 ( "winter ", year 8) – Zabarjad "زبرجد" for 45 ( "topaz ", year 9) – sahar "سَحَر" ( "[[dawn]] ", year 10) – Sâher "ساحِر" ( "magician ", year 11).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.coinarchives.com/w/lotviewer.php?LotID=3800760&AucID=3949&Lot=2596&Val=8b527bcdc15cad93b00771f495bbf0ca|title=CoinArchives.com Lot Viewer|website=coinarchives.com|access-date=17 April 2019}}</ref>