Editing Stockholm (section)

== Environment ==

=== Green city with a national urban park ===
[[File:Parkudden djurgarden.jpg|thumb|right|Park on the island of [[Djurgården]] in central Stockholm]]
Stockholm is one of the cleanest capitals in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 April 2018 |title=Revealed: The 10 cleanest capital cities on earth |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/galleries/the-cleanest-capital-cities-on-earth/stockholm/ |website=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |access-date=15 December 2019 |archive-date=8 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308145235/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/galleries/the-cleanest-capital-cities-on-earth/stockholm/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The city was granted the 2010 [[European Green Capital Award]] by the [[European Commission|EU Commission]]; this was Europe's first "green capital".<ref name="ec.europa.eu">{{Cite web |date=23 February 2009 |title=Stockholm&nbsp;– European Green Capital 2010 |url=http://ec.europa.eu/environment/europeangreencapital/winning-cities/stockholm-european-green-capital-2010/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120511050924/http://ec.europa.eu/environment/europeangreencapital/winning-cities/stockholm-european-green-capital-2010/index.html |archive-date=11 May 2012 |access-date=19 May 2012 |publisher=Ec.europa.eu}}</ref> Applicant cities were evaluated in several ways: climate change, local transport, public green areas, air quality, noise, waste, water consumption, waste water treatment, sustainable utilisation of land, biodiversity and environmental management.<ref name="international.stockholm.se">{{Cite web |date=1 March 2012 |title=European Green Capital |url=http://international.stockholm.se/Stockholm-by-theme/European-Green-Capital/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120524154357/http://international.stockholm.se/Stockholm-by-theme/European-Green-Capital/ |archive-date=24 May 2012 |access-date=19 May 2012 |publisher=international.stockholm.se}}</ref> Out of 35 participant cities, eight finalists were chosen: Stockholm, [[Amsterdam]], [[Bristol]], [[Copenhagen]], [[Freiburg im Breisgau|Freiburg]], Hamburg, [[Münster]], and [[Oslo]].<ref name="August 2010">{{Cite web |title=European Green Capital |url=http://ec.europa.eu/environment/europeangreencapital/press_submenu/100819_bestpractice.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100827162742/http://ec.europa.eu/environment/europeangreencapital/press_submenu/100819_bestpractice.html |archive-date=27 August 2010 |access-date=18 March 2016}}</ref> Some of the reasons why Stockholm won the 2010 European Green Capital Award were: its integrated administrative system, which ensures that environmental aspects are considered in budgets, operational planning, reporting, and monitoring; its cut in carbon dioxide emissions by 25% per capita in ten years; and its decision towards being fossil fuel free by 2050.<ref name="international.stockholm.se" /> Stockholm has long demonstrated concern for the environment. The city's environmental program is the fifth since the first one was established in the mid-1970s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A sustainable city |url=http://international.stockholm.se/Stockholm-by-theme/A-sustainable-city/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120529024617/http://international.stockholm.se/Stockholm-by-theme/A-sustainable-city/ |archive-date=29 May 2012 |access-date=19 May 2012 |publisher=international.stockholm.se}}</ref> In 2011, Stockholm passed the title of European Green Capital to Hamburg, Germany.<ref name="August 2010" />

==== Role model ====
At the beginning of 2010, Stockholm launched the program Professional Study Visits<ref>{{Cite web |title=Professional study visits - international.stockholm.se |url=http://international.stockholm.se/Stockholm-by-theme/European-Green-Capital/Professional-study-visits/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100227060313/http://international.stockholm.se/Stockholm-by-theme/European-Green-Capital/Professional-study-visits/ |archive-date=27 February 2010 |access-date=18 March 2016}}</ref> in order to share the city's green best practices. The program provides visitors with the opportunity to learn how to address issues such as waste management, urban planning, carbon dioxide emissions, and sustainable and efficient transportation system, among others.<ref name="ec.europa.eu" />

According to the European Cities Monitor 2010,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cushman & Wakefield. 2010 European Cities Monitor |url=http://www.europeancitiesmonitor.eu/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/ECM-2010-Full-Version.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120504012517/http://www.europeancitiesmonitor.eu/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/ECM-2010-Full-Version.pdf |archive-date=4 May 2012 |access-date=19 May 2012 |page=2}}</ref> Stockholm is the best city in terms of freedom from pollution. Surrounded by 219 nature reserves, Stockholm has around 1,000 green spaces, which corresponds to 30% of the city's area.<ref name="Environment 2010">{{Cite web |date=10 February 2012 |title=Environment |url=http://international.stockholm.se/Press-and-media/Stockholm-facts/General-facts-and-numbers/Environment/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120313150135/http://international.stockholm.se/Press-and-media/Stockholm-facts/General-facts-and-numbers/Environment/ |archive-date=13 March 2012 |access-date=19 May 2012 |publisher=international.stockholm.se}}</ref> Founded in 1995, the [[Royal National City Park]] is the world's first legally protected "national urban park".<ref>Ohlsen, B. (2010). "Stockholm encounter" (2nd Ed.). Hong Kong, China: Lonely Planet Publications Pty Ltd (p.163)</ref><ref>Schantz, P. 2006. The Formation of National Urban Parks: a Nordic Contribution to Sustainable Development? In: The European City and Green Space; London, Stockholm, Helsinki and S:t Petersburg, 1850–2000 (Ed. Peter Clark), Historical Urban Studies Series (Eds. Jean-Luc Pinol & Richard Rodger), Ashgate Publishing Limited, Aldershot.</ref> For a description of the formation process, value assets and implementation of the legal protection of The Royal National Urban Park, see [http://gih.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?searchId=1&pid=diva2:528 Schantz 2006] The water in Stockholm is so clean that people can dive and fish in the centre of the city.<ref name="Environment 2010" /> The waters of downtown Stockholm serve as spawning grounds for multiple fish species including trout and salmon, though human intervention is needed to keep populations up.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Engberg |first=Ulla |date=15 March 2018 |title=Tens of thousands of salmon and trout released into Stockholm waters |url=https://sverigesradio.se/sida/artikel.aspx?programid=2054&artikel=6953009 |access-date=24 January 2020 |newspaper=Sveriges Radio |archive-date=8 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808005418/https://sverigesradio.se/sida/artikel.aspx?programid=2054&artikel=6953009 |url-status=live }}</ref> Regarding {{CO2}} emissions, the government's target is that Stockholm will be {{CO2}} free before 2050.<ref name="Environment 2010" />

=== Air quality ===
Stockholm used to have problematic levels of particulates (PM10) due to studded winter tires, but by the 2010s they were below limits, after street-specific bans.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Luften i Stockholm Årsrapport 2016 |url=http://slb.nu/slb/rapporter/pdf8/slb2017_001.pdf |journal=Rapporter Från SLB-Analys |publisher=SLB-analys, Miljöförvaltningen i Stockholm, Stockholms stad |issn=1400-0806 |access-date=19 November 2017 |archive-date=1 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201044325/http://slb.nu/slb/rapporter/pdf8/slb2017_001.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Nitrogen oxides emitted by diesel vehicles were a problem in the 2010s, but by 2021 they were again below limits, after electric cars had started to replace diesel-driven ones, and pollution regulations for lorries had tightened. As of 2021, the pollutant that exceeds limits is ozone, due to global pollution. In 2021 the average levels for urban background (roof of Torkel Knutssonsgatan on Södermalm) were: [[Nitrogen dioxide|NO<sub>2</sub>]] 9.7 μg/m<sup>3</sup>, [[Particulates|PM10]] 9.5 μg/m<sup>3</sup>, PM2.5 5.1 μg/m<sup>3</sup>, [[soot]] 0.36 μg/m<sup>3</sup>, [[ultrafine particle]]s 6100/cm<sup>3</sup>, [[Sulfur dioxide|SO<sub>2</sub>]] 0.4 μg/m<sup>3</sup>, [[ozone]] 53 μg/m<sup>3</sup>. For urban street level (the densely trafficked Hornsgatan on Södermalm) the average levels were: NO<sub>2</sub> 23 μg/m<sup>3</sup>, PM10 17 μg/m<sup>3</sup>, PM2.5 6.0 μg/m<sup>3</sup>, soot 0.55 μg/m<sup>3</sup>.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Luften i Stockholm Årsrapport 2021 |url=https://www.slb.nu/slb/rapporter/pdf8/slb2022_020.pdf |journal=Rapporter Från SLB-Analys |publisher=SLB-analys, Miljöförvaltningen i Stockholm, Stockholms stad |access-date=24 July 2022 |date=31 March 2022 |archive-date=24 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220724055859/https://www.slb.nu/slb/rapporter/pdf8/slb2022_020.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>