Editing State terrorism (section)

===United States===
{{Main|United States and state terrorism}}
{{See also|Operation Condor|Central American crisis}}
[[File:Día por la Memoria, la Verdad y la Justicia 24-03-2019 (13).jpg|thumb|Argentines commemorate the [[Dirty War|victims]] of the U.S.-backed [[National Reorganization Process|military junta]] on 24 March 2019.]]
Ruth J. Blakeley, Professor of Politics and International Relations at the [[University of Sheffield]], accuses the [[United States]] of sponsoring and deploying state terrorism, which she defines as "the illegal targeting of individuals that the state has a duty to protect in order to instill fear in a target audience beyond the direct victim", on an "enormous scale" during the [[Cold War]]. The United States government justified this policy by saying it needed to contain the spread of [[Communism]], but Blakeley says the United States government also used it as a means to buttress and promote the interests of U.S. elites and multinational corporations. The U.S. supported governments who employed [[death squad]]s throughout Latin America and counterinsurgency training of [[Right-wing politics|right-wing]] military forces included advocating the interrogation and torture of suspected insurgents.<ref>{{cite book |last=Blakeley |first=Ruth |year=2009 |url=http://www.routledge.com/books/details/9780415462402/ |title=State Terrorism and Neoliberalism: The North in the South |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150614055306/http://www.routledge.com/books/details/9780415462402/ |archive-date=2015-06-14 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |pages=21–23, [https://books.google.com/books?id=rft8AgAAQBAJ&lpg=PA92&pg=PA85#v=onepage&q&f=false 85–96]|isbn=978-0415686174}}</ref> [[J. Patrice McSherry]], a professor of political science at [[Long Island University]], says "hundreds of thousands of [[Latin America]]ns were tortured, abducted or killed by right-wing military regimes as part of the U.S.-led anti-communist crusade", which included U.S. support for [[Operation Condor]] and the Guatemalan military during the [[Guatemalan Civil War]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=McSherry|first1=J. Patrice|author-link1=J. Patrice McSherry|editor1-last=Esparza |editor1-first=Marcia|editor2-first=Henry R. |editor2-last=Huttenbach|editor3-first=Daniel |editor3-last=Feierstein|title=State Violence and Genocide in Latin America: The Cold War Years |series=Critical Terrorism Studies |chapter=Chapter 5: 'Industrial repression' and Operation Condor in Latin America|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=acGNAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA107 107]|publisher=[[Routledge]]|year=2011|isbn=978-0415664578|chapter-url=https://www.routledge.com/State-Violence-and-Genocide-in-Latin-America-The-Cold-War-Years/Esparza-Huttenbach-Feierstein/p/book/9780415496377|access-date=2018-05-21|archive-date=2018-07-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719232658/https://www.routledge.com/State-Violence-and-Genocide-in-Latin-America-The-Cold-War-Years/Esparza-Huttenbach-Feierstein/p/book/9780415496377|url-status=live}}</ref> [[John Henry Coatsworth]], citing evidence provided by [[Freedom House]], asserts that more people were repressed and killed throughout Latin America in the last three decades of the Cold War than in the [[Soviet Union]] and the [[Eastern Bloc]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Coatsworth|first1=John Henry|author-link=John Henry Coatsworth |chapter= The Cold War in Central America, 1975–1991 | editor1-last=Leffler|editor1-first=Melvyn P.|editor1-link=Melvyn P. Leffler|editor2-last=Westad|editor2-first=Odd Arne|editor2-link=Odd Arne Westad|date=2012 |title=The Cambridge History of the Cold War |volume=3 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xjTVBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT230|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|page=230 |isbn=978-1107602311}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Bevins |first1=Vincent|author-link=Vincent Bevins |title= [[The Jakarta Method|The Jakarta Method: Washington's Anticommunist Crusade and the Mass Murder Program that Shaped Our World]]|date=2020 |publisher= [[PublicAffairs]]|page=228 |isbn= 978-1541742406|quote=Using numbers compiled by the US-funded Freedom House Organization, historian John Coatsworth concluded that from 1960 to 1990, the number of victims of US-backed violence in Latin America "vastly exceeded" the number of people killed in the Soviet Union and the Eastern Bloc over the same period of time.}}</ref>

[[File:UK Anti Bush visit protest (retouched).jpg|thumb|upright|Protest against the [[Iraq War]] in London, 2008]]
Declassified documents from the U.S. Embassy in [[Jakarta]] in 2017 confirm that U.S. officials directly facilitated and encouraged the [[Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66|mass murder of hundreds of thousands of suspected Communists in Indonesia during the mid-1960s]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indonesiaatmelbourne.unimelb.edu.au/telegrams-confirm-scale-of-us-complicity-in-1965-genocide/|title=Telegrams confirm scale of US complicity in 1965 genocide|last=Melvin|first=Jess|date=20 October 2017|website=Indonesia at Melbourne|publisher=[[University of Melbourne]]|access-date=May 21, 2018|archive-date=8 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208113040/https://indonesiaatmelbourne.unimelb.edu.au/telegrams-confirm-scale-of-us-complicity-in-1965-genocide/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Scott|first=Margaret|date=October 26, 2017|title=Uncovering Indonesia's Act of Killing|url=https://www.nybooks.com/daily/2017/10/20/uncovering-indonesias-act-of-killing/|work=[[The New York Review of Books]]|access-date=May 21, 2018|archive-date=June 25, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625161434/https://www.nybooks.com/daily/2017/10/20/uncovering-indonesias-act-of-killing/|url-status=live}}</ref> Bradley Simpson, Director of the Indonesia/East Timor Documentation Project at the [[National Security Archive]], says "Washington did everything in its power to encourage and facilitate the army-led massacre of alleged PKI members, and U.S. officials worried only that the killing of the party's unarmed supporters might not go far enough, permitting Sukarno to return to power and frustrate the [Johnson] Administration's emerging plans for a post-Sukarno Indonesia."<ref>{{cite book |last=Simpson |first=Bradley |url=http://www.sup.org/books/title/?id=7853 |title=Economists with Guns: Authoritarian Development and U.S.–Indonesia Relations, 1960–1968 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106160221/https://www.sup.org/books/title/?id=7853 |archive-date=2020-11-06  |publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] |year=2010 |page=193 |isbn=978-0804771825}}</ref> According to Simpson, the terror in Indonesia was an "essential building block of the quasi [[neo-liberal]] policies the West would attempt to impose on Indonesia in the years to come".<ref>{{cite web |first=Brad |last=Simpson |year=2009 |url=http://www.insideindonesia.org/accomplices-in-atrocity |title=Accomplices in atrocity |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104151252/https://www.insideindonesia.org/accomplices-in-atrocity |archive-date=2021-11-04 }} |website=[[Inside Indonesia]] |access-date=May 21, 2018}}</ref> Historian John Roosa, who commented on documents which were released by the U.S. embassy in Jakarta in 2017, said they confirmed that "the U.S. was part and parcel of the operation, strategizing with the Indonesian army and encouraging them to go after the PKI."<ref>{{cite news|last=Bevins|first=Vincent|authorlink=Vincent Bevins|date=20 October 2017|title=What the United States Did in Indonesia|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2017/10/the-indonesia-documents-and-the-us-agenda/543534/|work=The Atlantic|access-date=May 21, 2018|archive-date=28 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428190633/https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2017/10/the-indonesia-documents-and-the-us-agenda/543534/|url-status=live}}</ref> Geoffrey B. Robinson, a historian at UCLA, argues that without the support of the U.S. and other powerful Western states, the Indonesian Army's program of mass killings would not have happened.<ref>{{cite book|last=Robinson|first=Geoffrey B.|date=2018|title=The Killing Season: A History of the Indonesian Massacres, 1965–66|url=https://press.princeton.edu/titles/11135.html|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|pages=22–23, 177|isbn=9781400888863|access-date=2018-06-27|archive-date=2019-04-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190419011656/https://press.princeton.edu/titles/11135.html|url-status=live}}</ref>