Editing Scanning electron microscope (section)

===Applications of 3D SEM===
One possible application is measuring the roughness of ice crystals. This method can combine variable-pressure environmental SEM and the 3D capabilities of the SEM to measure roughness on individual ice crystal facets, convert it into a computer model and run further statistical analysis on the model.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Butterfield|first1=Nicholas|last2=Rowe|first2=Penny M.|last3=Stewart|first3=Emily|last4=Roesel|first4=David|last5=Neshyba|first5=Steven|title=Quantitative three-dimensional ice roughness from scanning electron microscopy|journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres|date=16 March 2017|volume=122|issue=5|pages=3023–3041|doi=10.1002/2016JD026094|ref=Butterfield2017|bibcode=2017JGRD..122.3023B|doi-access=free}}</ref>  Other measurements include fractal dimension, examining fracture surface of metals, characterization of materials, corrosion measurement, and dimensional measurements at the nano scale (step height, volume, angle, flatness, bearing ratio, coplanarity, etc.).{{Citation needed|date = February 2016}}

SEM is also used by [[art conservation]]ists to discern threats to paintings' surface stability due to aging, such as the formations of complexes of [[zinc]] ions with [[fatty acid]]s.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hermans |first1=Joen |last2=Osmond |first2=Gillian |last3=Loon |first3=Annelies van |last4=Iedema |first4=Piet |last5=Chapman |first5=Robyn |last6=Drennan |first6=John |last7=Jack |first7=Kevin |last8=Rasch |first8=Ronald |last9=Morgan |first9=Garry |last10=Zhang |first10=Zhi |last11=Monteiro |first11=Michael |date=June 2018 |title=Electron Microscopy Imaging of Zinc Soaps Nucleation in Oil Paint |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/microscopy-and-microanalysis/article/abs/electron-microscopy-imaging-of-zinc-soaps-nucleation-in-oil-paint/B442AD4847D1ABF091A4A43CA4C0E2A2 |journal=Microscopy and Microanalysis |language=en |volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=318–322 |doi=10.1017/S1431927618000387 |pmid=29860951 |bibcode=2018MiMic..24..318H |s2cid=44166918 |issn=1431-9276}}</ref> Forensic scientists use SEM to detect [[Art forgery|art forgeries]].