Editing Rules of chess (section)

==History==
The rules of chess have evolved much over the centuries from the early chess-like games played in India in the 6th century. For much of that time the rules have varied from area to area. The modern rules first took form in southern Europe during the 13th century, giving more mobility to pieces that previously had more restricted movement (such as the queen and bishop). Such modified rules entered into an accepted form during the late 15th century<ref>{{Harvcol|Hooper|Whyld|1996|pp=41,328}}</ref> or early 16th century.<ref>{{Harvcol|Ruch|2004}}</ref> The basic moves of the king, rook, and knight are unchanged. A pawn originally did not have the option of moving two squares on its first move, and promoted only to a queen upon reaching the eighth rank. The queen was originally the ''[[ferz (chess)|fers]]'' or ''farzin'', which could move one square diagonally in any direction. In European chess it became able to leap two squares diagonally, forwards, backwards, or to left or right on its first move; some areas also gave this right to a newly promoted pawn. In the Persian and Arabic game the bishop was a ''pīl'' (Persian) or ''[[alfil (chess)|fīl]]'' (Arabic) (meaning "elephant") which moved two squares diagonally with jump.<ref>{{Harvcol|Davidson|1949|p=13}}</ref> In the Middle Ages the pawn could only be [[promotion (chess)|promoted]] to the equivalent of a queen (which at that time was a weak piece) if it reached its eighth rank.<ref>{{Harvcol|Davidson|1949|pp=59–61}}</ref> During the 12th century, the squares on the board sometimes alternated colors, and this became the standard in the 13th century;<ref>{{Harvcol|Davidson|1949|p=146}}</ref> whence the word "chequered"/"checkered".
[[Image:André Philidor.jpg|right|thumb|175px|alt=An image of Philidor, who published rules in 1749|Philidor]]
Between 1200 and 1600 several laws emerged that drastically altered the game. Checkmate became a requirement to win; a player could not win by capturing all of the opponent's pieces. [[Stalemate]] was added, although the outcome has changed several times (see [[Stalemate#History of the stalemate rule|History of the stalemate rule]]). Pawns gained the option of moving two squares on their first move, and the ''[[en passant]]'' rule was a natural consequence of that new option. The king and rook acquired the right to [[castling|castle]] (see {{seclink|Castling|History}} for different versions of the rule).

Between 1475 and 1500, the queen and the bishop also acquired their current moves, which made them much stronger pieces.<ref>''[[A History of Chess]]''</ref><ref>{{Harvcol|Davidson|1949|pp=14–17}}</ref> When all of these changes were accepted, the game was in essentially its modern form.<ref>{{Harvcol|Davidson|1949|pp=14–17}}</ref>

The rules for promotion have changed several times. As stated above, originally the pawn could only be promoted to the queen, which at that time was a weak piece. When the queen acquired its current move and became the most powerful piece, the pawn could then be promoted to a queen or a rook, bishop, or knight. In the 18th century rules allowed only the promotion to a piece already captured, e.g. the rules published in 1749 by [[François-André Danican Philidor]]. In the 19th century, this restriction was lifted, which allowed for a player to have more than one queen, e.g. the 1828 rules by [[Jacob Sarratt]].<ref>{{Harvcol|Davidson|1949|pp=59–61}}</ref>

Two new rules concerning draws were introduced, each of which has changed through the years:
* The [[threefold repetition]] rule was added, although at some times up to six repetitions have been required, and the exact conditions have been specified more clearly (see {{seclink|Threefold repetition|History of the rule}}).
* The [[fifty-move rule]] was also added. At various times, the number of moves required was different, such as 24, 60, 70, or 75. For several years in the 20th century, the standard fifty moves was extended to one hundred moves for a few specific [[Chess endgame|endgames]] (see [[fifty-move rule#History|Fifty-move rule's history]]).

Another group of new laws included (1) the [[touch-move rule]] and the accompanying "j'adoube/adjust" rule; (2) that White moves first (in 1889<ref>{{cite web| url = https://chess-math.org/sites/default/files/scholarsmate/scholars_mate_102_-_april_2010.pdf| title = ''Scholar's Mate'' issue 102| page = 15| access-date = 2023-03-11| archive-date = 2023-03-11| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230311185706/https://chess-math.org/sites/default/files/scholarsmate/scholars_mate_102_-_april_2010.pdf| url-status = live}}</ref>); (3) the orientation of the board; (4) the procedure if an illegal move was made; (5) the procedure if the king had been left in check for some moves; and (6) issues regarding the behavior of players and spectators. The [[Staunton chess set]] was introduced in 1849 and it became the standard style of pieces. The size of pieces and squares of the board was standardized.<ref>{{Harvcol|Hooper|Whyld|1996|pp=220–21, ''laws, history of''}}</ref>

Until the middle of the 19th century, chess games were played without any time limit. In an 1834 match between [[Alexander McDonnell (chess player)|Alexander McDonnell]] and [[Louis-Charles Mahé de La Bourdonnais]], McDonnell took an inordinate amount of time to move, sometimes up to 1½ hours. In 1836 [[Pierre Charles Fournier de Saint-Amant]] suggested a time limit, but no action was taken. At the [[London 1851 chess tournament|1851 London tournament]], Staunton blamed his loss in his match against [[Elijah Williams (chess player)|Elijah Williams]]  on Williams' slow play; one game was adjourned for the day after only 29 moves.<ref>Howard Staunton, ''The Chess Tournament – A Collection of Games Played at this Celebrated Assemblage'', London 1852, p. 161</ref> The next year a match between [[Daniel Harrwitz]] and [[Johann Löwenthal]] used a limit of 20 minutes per move. The first use of a modern-style time limit was in an 1861 match between [[Adolph Anderssen]] and [[Ignác Kolisch]].<ref>{{Harvcol|Sunnucks|1970|p=459}}</ref>

===Codification===
{{multiple image |total_width = 340
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 |caption1 = FIDE rulebook, 1989
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 |caption2 = ''Official Chess Rulebook'', by Harkness (1970 edition)
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The first known publication of chess rules was in a book by [[Luis Ramírez de Lucena]] about 1497, shortly after the movement of the queen, bishop, and pawn were changed to their modern form.{{sfn|Just|2019|loc=Introduction}} [[Ruy López de Segura]] gave rules of chess in his 1561 book [[Libro de la invencion liberal y arte del juego del axedrez]].<ref>{{Harvcol|Sunnucks|1970|p=294}}</ref> In the 16th and 17th centuries, there were local differences concerning rules such as castling, promotion, stalemate, and ''en passant''. Some of these differences persisted until the 19th century;<ref>{{Harvcol|Harkness|1967|p=3}}</ref> for example, differences in castling rules persisted in Italy until the late 19th century.

As chess clubs arose and tournaments became common, there was a need to formalize the rules. In 1749 [[François-André Danican Philidor|Philidor]] (1726–1795) wrote a set of rules that were widely used, as well as rules by later writers such as the 1828 rules by [[Jacob Sarratt]] (1772–1819) and rules by [[George Walker (chess player)|George Walker]] (1803–1879). In the 19th century, many major clubs published their own rules, including The Hague in 1803, London in 1807, Paris in 1836, and St. Petersburg in 1854. In 1851 [[Howard Staunton]] (1810–1874) called for a "Constituent Assembly for Remodeling the Laws of Chess" and proposals by [[Tassilo von Heydebrand und der Lasa]] (1818–1889) were published in 1854. Staunton had published rules in ''Chess Player's Handbook'' in 1847, and his new proposals were published in 1860 in ''Chess Praxis''; they were generally accepted in English-speaking countries. German-speaking countries usually used the writings of chess authority [[Johann Berger]] (1845–1933) or ''[[Handbuch des Schachspiels]]'' by [[Paul Rudolf von Bilguer]] (1815–1840), first published in 1843.<ref>{{cite book | last=Murray | first=H.J.R. | title=A History of Chess | url=https://archive.org/details/AHistoryOfChessHJRMurray/page/n923/mode/2up | year=1913 | publisher=Oxford, Clarendon Press | pages=878–890}}</ref>

In 1924, Fédération Internationale des Échecs ([[FIDE]]) was formed and in 1928 it took up the task of standardizing the rules. At first FIDE tried to establish a universal set of rules, but translations to various languages differed slightly. Although FIDE rules were used for international competition under their control, some countries continued to use their own rules internally.<ref>{{Harvcol|Hooper|Whyld|1996|pp=220–21}}</ref> In 1952, FIDE created the Permanent Commission for the Rules of Chess (also known as the Rules Commission) and published a new edition of the rules. The third official edition of the laws was published in 1966. The first three editions of the rules were published in French, with that as the official version. In 1974 FIDE published the English version of the rules (which was based on an authorized 1955 translation). With that edition, English became the official language of the rules. Another edition was published in 1979. Throughout this time, ambiguities in the laws were handled by frequent interpretations that the Rules Commission published as supplements and amendments. In 1982, the Rules Commission rewrote the laws to incorporate the interpretations and amendments.<ref>{{Harvcol|FIDE|1989|pp=7–8}}</ref> In 1984, FIDE abandoned the idea of a universal set of laws, although FIDE rules are the standard for high-level play.<ref>{{Harvcol|Hooper|Whyld|1996|pp=220–21}}</ref> With the 1984 edition, FIDE implemented a four-year moratorium between changes to the rules. Other editions were issued in 1988 and 1992.<ref>{{Harvcol|FIDE|1989|p=5}}</ref><ref>{{Harvcol|Just|2014|}}</ref>

The rules of national FIDE affiliates (such as the [[United States Chess Federation]], or USCF) are based on the FIDE rules, with slight variations.<ref>{{Harvcol|Just|2014|}}</ref>{{efn|Schiller states that the United States is the only country that does not follow the FIDE rules. Some of the differences in the [[United States Chess Federation|US Chess Federation]] rules are (1) a player must have a reasonably complete {{chessgloss|score sheet}} to claim a time forfeit and (2) the player can choose whether or not to use a clock with a delay period for each move.}}<ref>{{Harvcol|Schiller|2003|pp=123–24}}</ref> Some other differences are noted above. [[Kenneth Harkness]] published popular rulebooks in the United States starting in 1956, and the USCF continues to publish rulebooks for use in tournaments it sanctions.

In 2008, FIDE added the variant [[Chess960]] to the appendix of the "Laws of Chess". Chess960 uses a random initial set-up of main pieces, with the conditions that the king is placed somewhere between the two rooks, and bishops on opposite-color squares. The castling rules are extended to cover all these positions.{{sfn|FIDE|2023|loc=guideline II.3}}

In the 21st century, rules about such things as [[mobile phone]]s and unauthorized use of [[chess engines]] were introduced.<ref name="chessbase-anti-cheating" />