Editing Republicanism (section)

===Constitutional monarchs and upper chambers===
Some countries (such as the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, the Scandinavian countries, and Japan) turned powerful monarchs into constitutional ones with limited, or eventually merely symbolic, powers. Often the monarchy was abolished along with the aristocratic system, whether or not they were replaced with democratic institutions (such as in France, China, Iran, Russia, Germany, Austria, Hungary, Italy, Greece, Turkey and Egypt). In Australia, New Zealand, Canada, Papua New Guinea, and some other countries the monarch, or its representative, is given supreme executive power, but by convention acts only on the advice of his or her ministers. Many nations had elite upper houses of legislatures, the members of which often had lifetime tenure, but eventually these houses lost much power (as the UK [[House of Lords]]), or else became elective and remained powerful.<ref>[[Mark McKenna (historian)|Mark McKenna]], ''The Traditions of Australian Republicanism'' (1996) [https://web.archive.org/web/20000818204057/http://www.aph.gov.au/library/pubs/rp/1995-96/96rp31.htm online version]</ref><ref>John W. Maynor, ''Republicanism in the Modern World''. (2003).</ref>