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===Reconquista as Crusade=== At the [[First Council of the Lateran]], [[Pope Callixtus II]] declared the Reconquista as part of Crusades and its participants as Crusaders having an equal spiritual standing with those in the east.<ref>Marin-Guzmán, Roberto (1992). "Crusade in Al-Andalus: The Eleventh Century formation of the Reconquista as an Ideology". Islamic Studies. 31 (3 (Autumn)): 295.</ref> In the 13th century, [[Pope Innocent III]] declared a crusade and persuaded warriors from many parts of Europe in and outside the Iberian peninsula to assist the Iberians against the [[Almohad|Almohad Caliphate]] army.<ref>The Circle of War in the Middle Ages: Essays on Medieval Military and Naval History. United Kingdom: Boydell Press, 1999, pp.29-30</ref> The Almohads then advanced into Europe with the intent of undoing the previous achievements of the Reconquista and marching on Rome itself.<ref>Mann, Horace Kinder. The Lives of the Popes in the Early Middle Ages. United Kingdom: K. Paul, Trench, Trübner, 1915, pp.177-179</ref> The crusading campaign culminated in a resounding Crusader victory at the [[Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa]], effectively turning the tide of war in favour of the Christians.<ref>Mann, Horace Kinder. The Lives of the Popes in the Early Middle Ages. United Kingdom: K. Paul, Trench, Trübner, 1915, pp.177-179</ref><ref>The Circle of War in the Middle Ages: Essays on Medieval Military and Naval History. United Kingdom: Boydell Press, 1999, pp.29-30</ref>
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