Editing Price discrimination (section)

===International price discrimination===
Pharmaceutical companies may charge customers living in wealthier countries a much higher price than for identical drugs in poorer nations, as is the case with the sale of [[antiretroviral]] drugs in Africa. Since the [[purchasing power]] of African consumers is much lower, sales would be extremely limited without price discrimination. The ability of pharmaceutical companies to maintain price differences between countries is often either reinforced or hindered by national drugs laws and regulations, or the lack thereof.<ref name="pogge2">{{cite book |last1=Pogge |first1=Thomas |url=http://www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/poverty/expert/docs/Thomas_Pogge_Summary.pdf |title=World poverty and human rights : cosmopolitan responsibilities and reforms |date=2008 |publisher=Polity Press |isbn=978-0745641447 |edition=2nd |location=Cambridge [u.a.]}}</ref>

Even online sales for non material goods, which do not have to be shipped, may change according to the geographic location of the buyer, such as music streaming services by Spotify and Apple Music. The users in lower-income countries benefit from price discrimination by paying fewer subscription fees than those in higher-income countries. The researchers also found that the cross-national price differences actually raise the revenue of those companies by about 6% while reducing world users’ welfare by 1%.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Waldfogel |first=Joel |date=2020-06-01 |title=The Welfare Effects of Spotify's Cross-Country Price Discrimination |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s11151-020-09748-0 |journal=Review of Industrial Organization |language=en |volume=56 |issue=4 |pages=593–613 |doi=10.1007/s11151-020-09748-0 |issn=1573-7160 |s2cid=212834250}}</ref>