Editing Population transfer (section)

===Ottoman Empire===
{{Further|Population transfer in the Ottoman Empire|Balkan Wars}}
The Ottoman Empire colonized newly conquered territories by deportation (''sürgün'') and resettlement, often to populate empty lands and establish settlements in logistically useful places. The term ''sürgün'' is known to us from Ottoman documents and comes from the verb ''sürmek'' (to displace).<ref name=population>{{cite book |last1=Alam |first1=Gajanafar |title=Population and Society |date=15 September 2021 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0gVDEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA13 |page=13}}</ref> This type of resettlement primarily aimed to support daily governance of the Empire, but sometimes population transfers had ethnic or political concerns.<ref name=de>{{cite journal |doi=10.4000/ejts.4396|doi-access=free|title=Forced Population Movements in the Ottoman Empire and the Early Turkish Republic: An Attempt at Reassessment through Demographic Engineering |year=2013 |last1=Şeker |first1=Nesim |journal=European Journal of Turkish Studies |issue=16 }}</ref>

During [[Mehmet I]]'s reign [[Tatars|Tatar]] and [[Turkoman (ethnonym)|Turkmen]] subjects were moved to the Balkans to secure areas along the border with Christian Europe. Conquered Christians were moved to Anatolia and Thrace. These population transfers continued into the reigns of [[Murad II]] and [[Mehmet II]].<ref name=population/>

After [[Siege of Thessalonica (1422–1430)|Murad II's conquest of Salonika]], Muslims were involuntarily relocated to [[Salonika]], mostly from Anatolia and [[Yenice-i Vardar]].<ref name=population/>

[[Mehmed the Conqueror]] resettled not only Muslims, but Christians and Jews as well, in his efforts to repopulate the city of [[Constantinople]] after its [[fall of Constantinople|conquest in 1453]].<ref name=population/>

According to the deportation decree issued in newly conquered Cyprus on 24 September 1572, one family out of every ten in the provinces of Anatolia, Rum (Sivas), Karaman and Zülkadriye were to be sent to Cyprus. These deportees were craftsmen or peasants. In exchange for relocating they would be exempt from taxes for two years.<ref name=de/>

From [[Bayezid II]] (d. 1512), the empire had difficulty with the heterodox [[Qizilbash]] movement in eastern Anatolia. The forced relocation of the Qizilbash continued until at least the end of the 16th century. [[Selim I]] (d. 1520) ordered merchants, artisans, and scholars transported to Constantinople from [[Tabriz]] and [[Cairo]]. The state mandated Muslim immigration to [[Rhodes]] and [[Cyprus]] after their conquests in 1522 and 1571, respectively, and resettled [[Greek Cypriots]] onto [[Anatolia]]'s coast.

Knowledge among Western historians about the use of ''sürgün'' from the 17th through the 19th century is somewhat unreliable. It appears that the state did not use forced population transfers as much as during its expansionist period.<ref>[http://www.unm.edu/~phooper/thesis_condensed.pdf P. Hooper, Thesis] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081029102418/http://www.unm.edu/~phooper/thesis_condensed.pdf |date=2008-10-29 }}, University of New Mexico</ref>

After the exchanges in the [[Balkans]], the Great Powers and then the [[League of Nations]] used forced population transfer as a mechanism for homogeneity in the post-Ottoman [[Balkans]] to decrease conflict. The Norwegian diplomat [[Fridtjof Nansen]], working with the [[League of Nations]] as a [[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees|High Commissioner for Refugees]] in 1919, proposed the idea of a forced population transfer. That was modelled on the earlier Greek-Bulgarian mandatory population transfer of [[Greeks]] in Bulgaria to Greece and of [[Bulgarians]] in Greece to Bulgaria.