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===Current Parliamentary Era=== ====1991–1996: Khaleda Zia==== {{main|First Khaleda Cabinet}} The center-right BNP won a plurality of seats in the [[1991 Bangladeshi general election|1991 Bangladesh General Election]] and formed a coalition government with the Islamic party [[Jamaat-e-Islami Bangladesh]], with [[Khaleda Zia]], widow of Ziaur Rahman, obtaining the post of prime minister. Only four parties had more than 10 members elected to the 1991 Parliament: The Bangladesh Nationalist Party, led by Prime Minister Khaleda Zia; the Awami League, led by [[Sheikh Hasina]]; the Jamaat-e-Islami (JI), led by [[Golam Azam]]; and the Jatiya Party (JP), led by acting chairman [[Mizanur Rahman Chowdhury]] while its founder, former President Ershad, served out a prison sentence on corruption charges. The electorate approved still more changes to the constitution, formally re-creating a parliamentary system and returning governing power to the office of the prime minister, as in Bangladesh's original 1972 constitution. In October 1991, members of Parliament elected a new head of state, President [[Abdur Rahman Biswas]]. In March 1994, controversy over a parliamentary by-election, which the opposition claimed the government had rigged, led to an indefinite [[boycott]] of Parliament by the entire opposition. The opposition also began a program of repeated general strikes to press its demand that Khaleda Zia's government resign and a caretaker government supervise a general election. Efforts to mediate the dispute, under the auspices of the [[Commonwealth Secretariat]], failed. After another attempt at a negotiated settlement failed narrowly in late December 1994, the opposition resigned en masse from Parliament. The opposition then continued a campaign of Marches, demonstrations, and [[Strike action|strikes]] in an effort to force the government to resign. The year 1995 observed nearly 200 days of general strikes disrupting the countries normal activities. The opposition, including the Awami League's Sheikh Hasina, pledged to boycott national elections scheduled for 15 February 1996. In February, Khaleda Zia was re-elected for the second term by a landslide in voting boycotted and denounced as unfair by the three main opposition parties. In March 1996, following escalating political turmoil, the sitting Parliament enacted a constitutional amendment to allow a neutral caretaker government to assume power conduct new parliamentary elections; former Chief Justice [[Muhammad Habibur Rahman]] was named [[Chief Advisor of Bangladesh|Chief Advisor]] (a position equivalent to prime minister) in the interim government. New parliamentary elections were held in June 1996, and were won by the Awami League; party leader Sheikh Hasina became prime minister. ====1996–2001: Sheikh Hasina==== {{see also|Cabinet Hasina I}} [[File:Defense.gov News Photo 001017-D-9880W-025.jpg|thumb|Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina inspects the ceremonial honour guard during a full honour arrival ceremony at the Pentagon on 17 October 2000.]] Sheikh Hasina formed what she called a "Government of National Consensus" in June 1996, which included one minister from the Jatiya Party and another from the [[Jatiyo Samajtantrik Dal]], a very small leftist party. The Jatiya Party never entered into a formal coalition arrangement, and party president H.M. Ershad withdrew his support from the government in September 1997. Only three parties had more than 10 members elected to the 1996 Parliament: The Awami League, BNP, and Jatiya Party. Jatiya Party president, Ershad, was released from prison on bail in January 1997. BNP staged a walkout from parliament in August 1997. The BNP returned to Parliament under another agreement in March 1998. In June 1999, the BNP and other opposition parties again began to abstain from attending Parliament. Opposition parties have staged an increasing number of nationwide [[general strike]]s, rising from 6 days of general strikes in 1997 to 27 days in 1999. A four-party opposition alliance formed at the beginning of 1999 announced that it would boycott parliamentary by-elections and local government elections unless the government took steps demanded by the opposition to ensure electoral fairness. The government did not take these steps, and the opposition has subsequently boycotted all elections, including municipal council elections in February 1999, several parliamentary by-elections, and the Chittagong city corporation elections in January 2000. The opposition demands that the Awami League government step down immediately to make way for a caretaker government to preside over parliamentary and local government. In March 2000, US President [[Bill Clinton]] became the first US president to visit Bangladesh.<ref>{{cite news |last=Chen |first=Edwin |date=21 March 2000 |title=Clinton Touts Ties With Bangladesh |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2000-mar-21-mn-11124-story.html |work=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref> Hasina later stated that during the visit Clinton wanted to import gas from the Country, but she had to decline due to fear of scarcity of gas and for the welfare of the people as they were heavily dependent on gas.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://bdnews24.com/politics/pm-hasina-says-she-didn-t-give-in-to-president-clinton-s-demand-for-gas |title=PM Hasina says she didn't give in to President Clinton's demand for gas |work=[[bdnews24.com]] |date=15 July 2017}}</ref> ====2001–2006: Khaleda Zia==== {{see also|Second Khaleda Cabinet}} [[File:LulaZia.jpg|thumb|Prime Minister Khaleda Zia with the [[President of Brazil]], [[Lula da Silva]] (2004)]] A Khaleda-led four-party alliance won two-thirds of total parliamentary seats with a total 193 seats, while Awami League won 62 seats. Thus Khaleda Zia won a second term as prime minister in 2001. Her coalition included several Islamist parties. The Awami League walked out from the Parliament in June 2003 to protest derogatory remarks about Sheikh Hasina by a State Minister and the allegedly partisan role of the Parliamentary Speaker. Throughout the year 2004 the opposition party Awami League carried out various processions pressing various demands and claiming government incompetence on various issues. In June 2004, the Awami League returned to Parliament without having any of their demands met. On 21 August 2004, a group of terrorists conducted [[2004 Dhaka grenade attack|vicious grenade attacks]] on a rally held by the opposition party Awami League including leader [[Sheikh Hasina]]. Prominent leaders including [[Ivy Rahman]] were killed in the attack, and Hasina herself sustained injuries to her ears. A total of 13 grenades were blasted and 24 people killed. The Awami League called for a nationwide hartal (general strikes) on 23 and 24 August 2004 following the incident. Begum Khaleda Zia, then Prime Minister of Bangladesh condemned the attacks, and also vowed a strong probe to catch the culprits. But no charge sheet was provided by the investigating departments. Only after the current government tenure ended a neutral probe formed and charge sheet was provided includes terrorist Mufti Hannan. Later, during Awami League tenure another probe formed and alleged that [[Tarique Rahman]] son of Prime Minister Khaleda Zia along with the then Home Minister Lutfuzzaman Babar had masterminded the attack.<ref>{{cite news |title=Khaleda, Tarique involved in Aug 21 grenade attack: Hasina |url=https://bdnews24.com/politics/khaleda-tarique-involved-in-aug-21-grenade-attack-hasina |newspaper=bdnews24.com |date=21 August 2014}}</ref> But BNP has denied the allegations. In 2005, Awami League attended Parliament irregularly before announcing a boycott of the entire June 2005 budget session.<ref>{{cite news |title=Awami League to Boycott Budget Session of Bangladesh Parliament |url=https://www.voabangla.com/a/a-16-2005-06-06-voa5-94362764/1387035.html |work=VoA |date=6 June 2005}}</ref> The BNP government tenure expired in October 2006, and was followed by a period of widespread political crisis. ====2006–2008: Caretaker government: Fakhruddin Ahmed==== {{main|2006–2008 Bangladeshi political crisis}} [[File:Hamid Karzai, Pervez Musharraf, Fakhruddin Ahmed - WEF Annual Meeting Davos 2008.jpg|thumbnail|left|[[Hamid Karzai]], [[Pervez Musharraf]], and [[Fakhruddin Ahmed]] at the Annual Meeting 2008 of the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland]] Following the end of Khaleda Zia's government in late October 2006, there were protests and strikes over uncertainty about who would head the caretaker government (which was accused of BNP bias), held by Awami League, paralyzing the country and resulting in the death of at least 40 people in the following month in November 2006.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/it%E2%80%99s-1%E2%81%8411-amnesia-1752 |title=It's 1⁄11 amnesia |date=11 February 2015 |work=The Daily Star}}</ref> An election was scheduled for the beginning of 2007, however it did not take place. Given the parties' failure to agree on a candidate For Chief Advisor, according to the constitution the position devolved to the President, [[Iajuddin Ahmed]], serving since 2002. He took it on in addition to his regular responsibilities, which under the caretaker government included the Defense Ministry. Iajuddin Ahmed formed a government, appointing ten advisors to a council to act as ministers. He appointed his press spokesman, the journalist-editor turned politician [[Mukhlesur Rahman Chowdhury|M Mukhlesur Rahman Chowdhury]], as his chief Presidential Advisor, with the status of Minister of State. Chowdhury had the responsibility to negotiate with the political parties to bring them to participation in the election.{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}} In January 2007, [[Iajuddin Ahmed]] stepped down as the head of the caretaker government, under pressure from the military.{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}} [[Fakhruddin Ahmed]], former [[World Bank]] economist, was selected to replace him and with the commitment to rooting out corruption and preparing a better voter list. Fakhruddin Ahmed became the Chief Advisor. A [[State of Emergency]] was declared and a massive campaign to crack down on corruption was undertaken. By July 2007, some 200,000 people had been arrested under corruption charges. The government said it would hold elections before the end of 2008. In April 2007, Ahmed's military backed administration attempted to reform the political parties by exiling Hasina and Zia, but this was never enforced. Hasina, who had been visiting her children in the US, was allowed to return but she had to face serious charges, including involvement in the assassination of four political rivals. In July, she was arrested after two businessmen testified that she had extorted [[taka|৳]]80 million (US$1.16 million) from them.<ref>{{cite news |last=Ramesh |first=Randeep |date=16 July 2007 |title=Former Bangladesh PM arrested in corruption crackdown |url=https://www.theguardian.com/international/story/0,,2127664,00.html |newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref> This provoked angry protests from her supporters; even her bitter rival [[Khaleda Zia]], as well as six British MPs and MEPs, called for her release.<ref>{{cite news |title=UK MPs denounce Bangladesh arrest |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6911237.stm |work=BBC News |date=23 July 2007}}</ref> Khaleda herself faced charges of tax evasion and was later arrested. [[Tarique Rahman]] was taken to custody for the 2004 grenade attacks and various corruption charges including money laundering, and was later sent on forced exile on 11 September 2008 and since then has not been able to return to the country.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tarique flies into exile in London |url=https://bdnews24.com/politics/tarique-flies-into-exile-in-london |work=bdnews24.com |date=12 September 2008}}</ref> After holding power for almost two years, the political situation had finally calmed and Ahmed decided to return parliamentary democracy, testing the political situation with some local elections held on 4 August 2008, which were peaceful.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7466479.stm |work=BBC News |title=Bangladesh to hold local election |date=20 June 2008 |access-date=22 April 2010}}</ref> Both Hasina and Khaleda were finally released from prison and the General elections were held on 29 December 2008. The Awami League and its Grand Alliance won the elections with two-thirds of the seats in parliament. The BNP and its four-party alliance, including [[Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami|Jamaat-e-Islami]], comprised the major opposition. ====2009–2024: Sheikh Hasina==== {{see also|Third Sheikh Hasina Cabinet}} [[File:Russia-Bangladeshi talks Moscow 2013-01-15 03.jpeg|thumb|400px|Sheikh Hasina with [[Vladimir Putin]] in Moscow (2013)]] The [[Bangladesh Awami League|Awami League]] came to power by winning the vast majority of parliament seats in the election held on 29 December 2008, and [[Sheikh Hasina]] became the Prime Minister of Bangladesh for the second time. Her cabinet took oath on 6 January 2009. HM Ershad was promised to be made President in exchange for support for Awami League, but despite supporting Awami League, this promise was not fulfilled and [[Zillur Rahman]] became president. The first two years under this government was peaceful, but a debatable issue took place when the Awami League government enforced an existing law to reclaim the house where Khaleda Zia had lived for nearly 40 years for a nominal cost. Khaleda Zia moved to the house of her brother Sayeed Iskandar at Gulshan. In protest BNP would abstain from parliament. This period also observed tremendous economic growth. Controversy erupted in 2011 after Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina declared the abolition of the care-taker government system, contradicting her own motives and views in the mid-1990s when she had demanded that elections should be held under neutral care-taker governments. Hasina justified this by stating that a neutral care-taker government may abuse its power (referring to the care-taker government crisis in 2006–2008) and take unlawful and autocratic control of the country. At the same time, arrests and trials of members accused of war crimes of the political party Jamaat-e-Islami had begun. This caused major disagreements among the ruling Awami League with the chief opposition party BNP and its major ally Jamaat. In a bid to return to the 1972 Constitution, the government made several reforms to the constitution of Bangladesh in 2011, and readopted Secularism. In 2012, a coup attempt against Hasina by mid-ranking army officers was stopped, with Bangladesh army being tipped off by Indian intelligence agency. Also in 2012, Bangladesh won a legal battle against [[Myanmar]] under international court regarding disputed sea territories, giving Bangladesh a tremendous advantage on the oceanic areas.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/702671/bangladesh-wins-sea-claim-battle-with-myanmar |title=Bangladesh wins sea claim battle with Myanmar |work=Dawn |date=14 March 2012}}</ref> The period 2012-2014 was marked by widespread political unrest and violence in strikes and riots initiated by the opposition party. Petrol bombs were utilized for arson attacks. Members of both the ruling party and opposition party clashed throughout the whole nation resulting in injuries and deaths. Both the ruling party and the opposition received International criticism.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Yardley |first1=Jim |last2=Manik |first2=Julfikar Ali |date=6 May 2013 |title=Protests in Bangladesh Seeking Anti-Blasphemy Law Turn Deadly |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/07/world/asia/two-days-of-riots-in-bangladesh-turn-deadly.html |work=The New York Times}}</ref> The scheduled date of the 10th general election was 5 January 2014. The opposition party received several pleas by the ruling party to abandon their path of violence and join the election, but they repeatedly declined. Despite the crisis the controversial 5 January 2014 election was held with mass boycott from BNP and its major allies. At least 21 people were killed on the 5 January election day violence.<ref>{{cite news |title='Failed election' on 5 Jan 2014 |url=https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/%E2%80%9CFailed-election%E2%80%9D-on-5-Jan-2014 |work=Prothom Alo |date=20 February 2015}}</ref> Awami League had a landslide victory, and Sheikh Hasina was sworn in as prime minister for the third time on 9 January 2014, while Rowshan Ershad of the Jatiya Party became the new leader of the opposition, as Khaleda-led BNP boycotted the election. The ongoing BNP-Jamaat protests diluted after failing to stop the January 2014 election, and overthrow the ruling party, and by the end of March 2014, political stability was reached. In the [[2014 Bangladeshi general election|tenth general election]], [[Sheikh Hasina]] won a controversial one-sided [[walkover|walkover election]] after her main rival [[Khaleda Zia]] and all other opposition parties [[election boycott|boycotted]] the polls. Awami League once again took office on 9 January 2014. Over 100 people were killed in the 2016 Union Parishad Election in violent clashes between Awami League and BNP supporters.<ref>{{cite news |last=Chowdhury |first=Moinul Hoque |date=4 June 2016 |title=Bangladesh braces for final round of union council elections that have left over 100 dead |url=https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/bangladesh-braces-for-final-round-of-union-council-elections-that-have-left-over-100-dead |newspaper=bdnews24.com }}</ref> In April 2017 Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina made a landmark visit to neighboring India and signed 22 new deals and MoUs with India taking the Indo-BD bilateral relationships to a new height. This also included a defense cooperation, originally proposed by India.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://thedailynewnation.com/news/130240/bd-india-sign-22-deals-mous.html |title=BD, India sign 22 deals, MoUs |work=The New Nation |date=9 April 2017}}</ref> BNP harshly criticized the move with Khaleda alleging the ruling party was selling Bangladesh to India and pointing the Government's failure to make the long-awaited Teesta deal. Awami League dismissed the allegations, assuring that it was just a framework to strengthen regional ties with India. Also in 2017 Bangladesh was met with the [[Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh|2017 Rohingya Refugee Crisis]], in which the government received international praise for allowing over 700,000 Rohingya refugees fleeing violence in Myanmar ([[Rohingya genocide|where around 20,000 of them were killed]]) into the country but also some domestic criticisms due to this being an additional burden to Bangladesh a country already overpopulated with 17 crore (170 million) people and having a small land.<ref>{{cite news |title=Myanmar: What sparked latest violence in Rakhine? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-41082689 |work=BBC News |date=19 September 2017}}</ref> [[File:G7 members and Guest Invitees group photo.jpg|thumb|Hasina with G7 Leaders and guests, Shima Kanko Hotel in Japan, 2016]] Most of the post 2014 election period however saw political calm. Tensions between the BNP and Awami League reignited in 2018 after BNP once again started pressing demands for a neutral caretaker government to observe the 11th general election. BNP also criticized Awami League's rising dependency on law enforcement agencies such as the police force and for holding back people's freedom of speech.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/politics/bnp-threatens-mass-upsurge-restore-democracy-1515520 |title=BNP threatens of mass upsurge to 'restore' democracy |work=The Daily Star |date=5 January 2018}}</ref> On 8 February 2018 Khaleda Zia and [[Tarique Rahman]] as per court verdict, were jailed for 5 and 10 years respectively due to their involvement in the [[Zia Charitable Trust corruption case]]. While Tarique was on exile, Khaleda would be imprisoned on old Dhaka Central Jail located in Nazimuddin Road. BNP totally rejected the verdict, alleging that it was Awami League's conspiracy to destroy their party and to keep them out of the next general election. In protest BNP held nationwide demonstrations, which were foiled by the well prepared police force across the nation, with a large number of BNP members also being arrested during clashes with the police.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/politics/khaleda-zia-orphanage-trust-corruption-case-verdict-on-way-to-special-court-dhaka-bangladesh-1531711 |title=Khaleda lands in jail for corruption |work=The Daily Star |date=8 February 2018}}</ref> After Khaleda Zia was jailed, BNP Secretary General [[Mirza Fakhrul Islam Alamgir]] and prominent leader [[Ruhul Kabir Rizvi]] oversaw most of the party's activities. After Khalada Zia's prison sentence was challenged at the [[High Court]], it was increased to 10 years, potentially ending her political career.<ref>{{cite news |title=High Court raises jail term to 10 years for Khaleda Zia in orphanage graft case |url=https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/high-court-raises-jail-term-to-10-years-for-khaleda-zia-in-orphanage-graft-case |work=bdnews24.com |date=30 October 2018}}</ref> During this time the government passed the controversial "Digital Security Act 2018", under which any criticisms of the government over the internet or any other media, would be met with various degrees of prison terms.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tool ripe for abuse: HRW |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/politics/digital-security-act-2018-overly-broad-ripe-abuse-human-rights-watch-1638454 |work=The Daily Star |date=26 September 2018}}</ref> On 22 September 2018, in a massive rally, the newly formed coalition party: Jatiya Oikya Prokriya (JOP), a platform led by Dr. [[Kamal Hossain]] and Prof. [[Badruddoza Chowdhury]], allied themselves with the main opposition party [[Bangladesh Nationalist Party|BNP]], on condition BNP will no longer be alliance with Jamaat, and vowed joint movements to restore democracy. The BNP-JOP alliance was named the [[Jatiya Oikya Front]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Greater unity taking shape |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/politics/bnp-join-today-jatiya-oikya-prokriya-rally-1637062 |work=The Daily Star |date=23 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Antara |first=Nawaz Farhin |date=24 September 2018 |title=Will Jatiya Oikya Prokriya be a game changer in election 2018? |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/election/2018/09/24/will-jatiya-oikya-prokriya-be-a-game-changer-in-election-2018 |work=Dhaka Tribune}}</ref> The Awami League General Secretary [[Obaidul Quader]] called the opposing Jatiya Oikya Front, weak and stated that the opposing alliance was not being viewed as a credible threat by the Government.<ref>{{cite news |title=BNP's dream will never come true |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/politics/bnp-will-not-be-able-wage-demo-before-bangladesh-national-election-1637446 |work=The Daily Star |date=24 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Not national but a 'hotchpotch unity' |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/city/news/not-national-hotchpotch-unity-1638307 |work=The Daily Star |date=25 September 2018}}</ref> On 10 October 2018, court verdict against the [[2004 Dhaka grenade attack|2004 grenade attack]] was given. Top BNP leader Lutfuzzaman Babar was given the death penalty and Tariqe Rahman was given life term imprisonment. BNP rejected the verdict and carried out protests against it.<ref>{{cite news |title=Grenade attack in 2004 was designed to 'obliterate' Awami League, says judge |url=https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/grenade-attack-in-2004-was-designed-to-obliterate-awami-league-says-judge |work=bdnews24.com |date=10 October 2018}}</ref> During this time, Kamal Hossain as the leader of the Jatiya Oikya Front became the main opposition leader.<ref>{{cite news |title=Movement if talks fail |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/politics/public-gathering-suhrawardy-udyan-in-dhaka-jatiya-oikyafront-rally-1656937 |work=The Daily Star |date=7 November 2018}}</ref> The [[2018 Bangladeshi general election]] was held on 30 December 2018. On the election day at least 14 people died in violence between the Awami League supporters and the Jatiya Oikya Front supporters.<ref>{{cite news |title=14 killed in Bangladesh election violence |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/412680-14-killed-in-bangladesh-election-violence |work=The News International |agency=Agence France-Presse|date=31 December 2018}}</ref> The Awami League returned to power winning 259 out of 300 parliamentary seats, making up the largest government body in Bangladesh after 1973 (where Awami League had won 293 out of 300 seats). The Jatiya Oikya Front only won 7 seats and alleged the 2018 election to be rigged and opted to boycott the parliament and stated that they would demand for fresh elections. The Jatiya Party became the main opposition party with only 20 seats.<ref>{{cite news |title=World leaders congratulate Sheikh Hasina |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/bangladesh-national-election-2018/news/world-leaders-congratulate-sheikh-hasina-1681441 |work=The Daily Star |date=1 January 2019}}</ref> [[Bangladesh Awami League]] leader [[Sheikh Hasina]]'s new cabinet took oath on 3 January 2019.<ref>{{cite news |date=3 January 2019 |title=11th parliament takes oath |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/election/2019/01/03/newly-elected-mps-take-oath |work=Dhaka Tribune}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Election Commission dismissive of TIB report on polls |url=https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/election-commission-dismissive-of-tib-report-on-polls |work=bdnews24.com |date=15 January 2019}}</ref> Despite refusing to sell gas (LPG) at a better deal to the US back in 2000, in October 2019 Sheikh Hasina in a contradictory statement controversially stated that she will sell LPG to India despite the scarcity of LPG in Bangladesh (BD). Hasina also stated she will give India free access to extract BD's [[Feni River|Feni]] water, despite her failure to secure the Teesta river sharing deal.<ref>{{cite news |title=Search all university dorms |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/bangladesh-pm-sheikh-hasina-says-search-all-university-dorms-1811743 |work=The Daily Star |date=10 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Bangladesh allows India to withdraw Feni river water |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/politics/sheikh-hasina-narendra-modi-talks-begin-in-new-delhi-prioritises-bangladesh-india-relation-1809646 |work=The Daily Star |date=5 October 2019}}</ref> The dispute between Bangladesh and Myanmar over the unresolved [[Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh|Rohingya Refugee Crisis]] continued during this period, with Myanmar's unwillingness to take back the refugees.<ref>{{cite news |title=Myanmar Rohingya: Suu Kyi accused of 'silence' in genocide trial |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-50763180 |work=BBC News |date=12 December 2019}}</ref> In October 2020 Myanmar deployed their army troops on the Bangladesh border. Bangladesh appealed to the [[UN Security Council]] to prevent any escalation. Later Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina assured "a safe zone must be created for the Rohingyas Refugees. If that is done, Myanmar will face a huge problem in the Rakhine region. I don't think Myanmar will lock in war with Bangladesh; [[China]] will not let that happen." No further escalations have been reported, Bangladesh and Myanmar have since remained in peace militarily, but the diplomatic dispute continues to be debated at the UN.<ref>{{cite news |last=Al Javed |first=Hasan |date=14 September 2020 |title=Myanmar deploys over 2,500 more troops near Bangladesh border |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/world/south-asia/2020/09/14/myanmar-deploys-over-2-500-more-troops-near-bangladesh-border |work=[[Dhaka Tribune]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media |script-title=bn:মিয়ানমারকে আয়নায় মুখ দেখতে বলেছে বাংলাদেশ |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p4vIKhzgeio |publisher=ATN News |via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Mortoza |first=Golam |date=1 October 2020 |title='Two Asian powerhouses are competing in Myanmar's Rakhine' |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/opinion/news/two-asian-powerhouses-are-competing-myanmars-rakhine-1970853 |work=The Daily Star |type=Opinion}}</ref> Since the 2018 General Election the nation witnessed four years of political calm. But in 2022 BNP increasingly started to criticize the Awami League Government over rising inflationary crisis, including unsustainable fuel and energy price hikes as well as massive power outage despite the Government's promise to implement 100% electricity in the nation. While price levels of every items especially food, begun to rise, people's income level became stale and the Prime Minister herself warned of possible famine in the future and called for the general public to reduce their consumption, however did not say anything about politicians and government officials living luxurious lives.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/engage-food-production-evade-possible-famine-pm-asks-youths-523742 | title=Engage in food production to evade possible famine: PM asks youths |work=The Business Standard | date=November 2022 }}</ref> This cumulated to BNP staging massive protest on 24 December 2022, during clashes with the police one BNP activist was killed.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/politics/4lci1dmaqp | title=One killed as BNP-police clash in Panchagarh |work=Prothom Alo | date=24 December 2022 }}</ref> Despite these criticisms the Awami League achieved numerous economic development in the nation, including the opening of the [[Padma Bridge]] and the [[Dhaka Metro Rail]] on 25 June 2022 and 28 December 2022 respectively.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/government/8iqmqns5dp | title=Metro rail another feather of Bangladesh's development crown: PM Hasina |work=Prothom Alo | date=28 December 2022 }}</ref> On 1 January 2024 the government came under international controversy and criticism after their involvement in Nobel laureate [[Muhammad Yunus]] being convicted under labor law that was allegedly a false case.<ref>{{cite news |title=Nobel laureate Yunus convicted in Bangladesh labour law case |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/nobel-laureate-muhammad-yunus-convicted-bangladesh-labour-law-case-2024-01-01/ |work=Reuters |date=1 January 2024}}</ref> Unlike the 2014 and 2018 general elections which were marred by violence, the [[2024 Bangladeshi general election]] held on 7 January 2024 were generally peaceful and once again won by Awami League.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://bdnews24.com/politics/ew2d0sq1et | title=Can an alliance of independents replace Jatiya Party as opposition? Experts say 'yes' |work=bdnews24.com}}</ref> The Awami League Government led by Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina took oath for a record fourth consecutive time on 10 January 2024.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://bdnews24.com/politics/n8swqymb86 | title=Hasina picked as leader of the House |work=bdnews24.com}}</ref> The election was boycotted by the main opposition [[Bangladesh Nationalist Party]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Bangladesh election: PM Sheikh Hasina wins fourth term in controversial vote |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-67889387 |work=BBC News |date=7 January 2024}}</ref> Bangladesh was however grappled by large scale protests in July and August 2024 namely the [[2024 Bangladesh quota reform movement]] and the [[Non-cooperation movement (2024)|2024 Non-cooperation movement]] and both protests were met by brutal resistance that resulted in hundreds of deaths across the whole country and the eventual resignation of the Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina and the Awami League government on 5 August 2024, and Sheikh Hasina subsequently fled to India on the same day.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dhar |first=Aniruddha |date=5 August 2024 |title=Bangladesh Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina resigns, flees country as protestors storm palace |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/bangladesh-pm-sheikh-hasina-resigns-flees-country-as-protesters-storm-palace-report-101722850283514.html |access-date=5 August 2024 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bangladesh taking steps to extradite former PM Hasina from India |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/9/9/bangladesh-taking-steps-to-extradite-former-pm-hasina-from-india |access-date=2025-01-10 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> ====2024–Present: Interim Government: Muhammad Yunus==== {{Main|2024 Bangladesh Interim Government}} On 5 August 2024, following the fall of the previous government, the Army Chief [[Waker-uz-Zaman]] addressed the whole nation at 4 PM on the same day assuring the formation of an interim government within a few days.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/news/defying-curfew-hundreds-thousands-protesters-heading-towards-shahbagh-3669946 | title=Hasina resigns; interim govt to be formed; all offices to open Tuesday |work=The Daily Star | date=5 August 2024 }}</ref> The interim government headed by Nobel laureate [[Muhammad Yunus]] as Chief Advisor was formed on 8 August 2024 through his oath of office.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/news/yunus-led-interim-govt-sworn-3672581 | title=Yunus-led interim govt sworn in |work=The Daily Star | date=8 August 2024 }}</ref> 16 advisors took oath under Yunus, they were: *# [[Salehuddin Ahmed (economist)|Salehuddin Ahmed]] *# [[Asif Nazrul|Dr. Asif Nazrul]] *# [[Adilur Rahman Khan]] *# [[A. F. Hassan Ariff|Hassan Ariff]] *# [[Md. Touhid Hossain]] *# [[Rizwana Hasan|Syeda Rizwana Hasan]] *# [[Sharmeen Murshid|Sharmeen S Murshid]] *# [[Faruk-e-Azam]] *# [[M Sakhawat Hossain|Brigadier General (Retired) M Sakhawat Hossain]] *# [[Supradip Chakma]] *# [[Bidhan Ranjan Roy]] *# [[A F M Khalid Hossain|Dr. A F M Khalid Hossain]] *# [[Farida Akhter]] *# [[Nurjahan Begum (banker)|Nurjahan Begum]] *# [[Nahid Islam|Md Nahid Islam]] *# [[Asif Mahmud|Asif Mahmud Shojib Bhuiyan]] Law adviser Dr. Asif Nazrul stated that the thirteenth general election may be possible by 2025.<ref>https://www.newagebd.net/post/country/248031/next-election-in-bangladesh-realistically-possible-by-2025-asif-nazrul</ref> However he was contradicted by Religious Affairs Adviser AFM Khalid Hossain who said the date for the next general election has not yet been decided by the Interim Government.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-19 |title=Election remarks by Asif Nazrul, army chief not official govt stance: Adviser Khalid |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/election-remarks-asif-nazrul-army-chief-not-official-govt-stance-adviser-khalid-970466 |access-date=2025-01-10 |website=The Business Standard |language=en}}</ref> In January 2025 the Interim Government came under criticism for increasing VAT on numerous essential commodities amidst the country's existing uncontrolled inflationary crisis.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/369963/vat-hike-looms-public-costs-set-to-rise-amid | title=VAT hike looms: Public costs set to rise amid economic concerns }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/370446/which-products-services-are-facing-increased-vat?_gl=1*1tde6az*_ga*WlR1VmtrZXRLdGFWQV9BYUxLYjRoUVZicG9fV3Z0VHk4TFFtZTF1ZC1nVmFLMnB0ZjczbHZ4bXV0a2xJOUxRdA..*_ga_Y89GY1L8WV*MTczNjUyMjQxMC4yLjEuMTczNjUyMjg0My4wLjAuMA | title=Price surge ahead: Govt hikes VAT and duties for 100+ items }}</ref> On 28 February a new political party named [[National Citizen Party]] was formed by the leaders of the [[July Revolution (Bangladesh)]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Bangladeshi students launch political party after ousting PM Hasina |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/bangladeshi-students-launch-political-party-after-ousting-pm-hasina-2025-02-28/ |access-date=1 March 2025 |work=[[Reuters]] |date=28 February 2025}}</ref>
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