Editing Pacemaker (section)

=== Lithium battery ===
[[File:Cardiac pacer with sold-state power source.jpg|thumb|350x350px|The first lithium-iodide cell-powered pacemaker. Invented by Anthony Adducci and Art Schwalm. [[Cardiac Pacemakers, Inc.|Cardiac Pacemakers Inc]]. 1972<ref name="Schwalm1974">{{Cite patent|country=US|number=3822707|title=Metal-enclosed cardiac pacer with solid-state power source|pubdate=1974-07-09|gdate=1972-04-17|inventor1-last=Adducci|inventor1-first=Anthony J.|inventor2-last=Schwalm|inventor2-first=Arthur W.|assign= Cardiac Pacemekers Inc.}}</ref>]]
The preceding implantable devices all suffered from the unreliability and short lifetime of the available primary cell technology, mainly the [[mercury battery]]. In the late 1960s, several companies, including [[ARCO]] in the US, developed [[Atomic battery|isotope-powered]] pacemakers, but this development was overtaken by the development in 1971 of the [[lithium iodide]] cell by [[Wilson Greatbatch]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The History of Nuclear Powered Pacemakers |url=http://large.stanford.edu/courses/2015/ph241/degraw2/ |access-date=2023-04-18 |website=large.stanford.edu}}</ref> Lithium-iodide or lithium anode cells became the standard for pacemaker designs.

A further impediment to the reliability of the early devices was the diffusion of water vapor from body fluids through the [[epoxy]] resin encapsulation, affecting the electronic circuitry. This phenomenon was overcome by encasing the pacemaker generator in a hermetically sealed metal case, initially by [[Telectronics]] of Australia in 1969, followed by [[Cardiac Pacemakers, Inc.]] of [[St. Paul, Minnesota]] in 1972. This technology, using [[Titanium#Medical|titanium]] as the encasing metal, became the standard by the mid-1970s.

On July 9, 1974, [[Manny Villafaña|Manuel A. Villafaña]] and [[Anthony Adducci]], the founders of [[Cardiac Pacemakers, Inc.]] ([[Guidant]]), manufactured the world's first pacemaker with a lithium anode and a lithium-iodide electrolyte solid-state battery. Lithium-iodide or lithium anode cells increased the life of pacemakers from one year to as long as eleven years, and has become the standard for pacemaker designs. They began designing and testing their implantable cardiac pacemaker powered by a new longer-life lithium battery in 1971. The first patient to receive a CPI pacemaker emerged from surgery in June 1973.<ref name="Schwalm1974" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Pioneers of the Medical Device Industry| url=http://www.mnhs.org/collections/medTech/org_cardiac_pacemakers.php| publisher=Minnesota Historical Society}}</ref>

Liza Morton was fitted with an implantable pacemaker at 11 days old in 1978, at Glasgow’s Yorkhill hospital, Scotland. She was the youngest baby at the time.<ref>{{cite journal| title= Permanent cardiac pacemaker in infants and children | date= 1986| pmid= 2429390| url= https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2429390/| last1= Dasmahapatra| first1= H. K.| last2= Jamieson| first2= M. P.| last3= Brewster| first3= G. M.| last4= Doig| first4= B.| last5= Pollock| first5= J. C.| journal= The Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgeon| volume= 34| issue= 4| pages= 230–35| doi= 10.1055/s-2007-1020418}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| title= Doctors gave me a pacemaker when I was 11 days old | date= 17 January 2023| url= https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-tayside-central-64303138}}</ref>