Editing Ophthalmology (section)

==Notable ophthalmologists==
The following is a list of physicians who have significantly contributed to the field of ophthalmology:

===18th–19th centuries===
* [[Theodor Leber]] (1840–1917) discovered Leber's congenital amaurosis, Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy, Leber's miliary aneurysm, and Leber's stellate neuroretinitis
* [[Carl Ferdinand von Arlt]] (1812–1887), the elder (Austrian), proved that myopia is largely due to an excessive axial length, published influential textbooks on eye disease, and ran annual eye clinics in needy areas long before the concept of volunteer eye camps became popular; his name is still attached to some disease signs, e.g., von [[Arlt's line]] in trachoma and his son, Ferdinand Ritter von Arlt, the younger, was also an ophthalmologist
* [[Jacques Daviel]] (1696–1762) (France) performed the first documented planned primary cataract extraction on Sep. 18, 1750 in Cologne.<ref name="Eye1">{{cite journal | last1 = Leffler | first1 = CT | last2 = Hogewind | first2 = BF |name-list-style=vanc | year = 2023 | title = Jacques Daviel performed the first documented planned primary cataract extraction on Sep. 18, 1750. | journal = Eye | volume = Dec. 6, 2023| issue = 7 | pages = 1392–1393 | doi = 10.1038/s41433-023-02874-5 | pmid = 38057561 | pmc = 11076578 | s2cid = 266051586 }}</ref>
* [[Franciscus Donders]] (1818–1889) (Dutch) published pioneering analyses of ocular biomechanics, intraocular pressure, [[glaucoma]], and physiological [[optics]] and he made possible the prescribing of combinations of spherical and cylindrical lenses to treat [[astigmatism]]
* [[Joseph Forlenze]] (1757–1833) (Italy), specialist in [[cataract surgery]], became popular during the [[First French Empire]], healing, among many, personalities such as the minister [[Jean-Étienne-Marie Portalis]] and the poet [[Ponce Denis Écouchard Lebrun|Ponce Denis Lebrun]]; he was nominated by [[Napoleon]] "chirurgien oculiste of the lycees, the civil hospices and all the charitable institutions of the departments of the Empire",<ref>[[Jan E. Goldstein|Jan Ellen Goldstein]], ''Console and Classify. The French Psychiatric Profession in the Nineteenth Century'', Chicago Press, 2002, p. 63</ref> and he also was known for his free interventions, mainly in favour of poor people
[[Image:Albrecht v Graefe3.jpg|thumb|160px|Albrecht von Graefe]]
* [[Albrecht von Graefe (ophthalmologist)|Albrecht von Graefe]] (1828–1870) (Germany) probably the most important ophthalmologist of the nineteenth century, along with Helmholtz and Donders, one of the 'founding fathers' of ophthalmology as a specialty, he was a brilliant clinician and charismatic teacher who had an international influence on the development of ophthalmology, and was a pioneer in mapping visual field defects and diagnosis and treatment of glaucoma, and he introduced a cataract extraction technique that remained the standard for more than 100 years, and many other important surgical techniques such as iridectomy. He rationalised the use of many ophthalmically important drugs, including mydriatics and miotics; he also was the founder of one of the earliest ophthalmic societies (German Ophthalmological Society, 1857) and one of the earliest ophthalmic journals (''Graefe's Archives of Ophthalmology'')

* [[L. L. Zamenhof]] (b.1859) (Poland) was a Polish ophthalmologist who created the [[Conlang|constructed international auxiliary language]] known as [[Esperanto]].

[[File:Allvar Gullstrand 02.jpg|thumb|160px|Allvar Gullstrand]]
* [[Allvar Gullstrand]] (1862–1930) (Sweden) was a [[Nobel Prize]]-winner in 1911 for his research on the eye as a light-refracting apparatus, he described the 'schematic eye', a mathematical model of the [[human eye]] based on his measurements known as the 'optical constants' of the eye; his measurements are still used today
* [[Hermann von Helmholtz]] (1821–1894), a great German [[polymath]], invented the ophthalmoscope (1851) and published important work on physiological optics, including colour vision.
* [[Julius Hirschberg]] (1843–1925) (Germany) in 1879 became the first to use an [[electromagnet]] to remove metallic [[foreign body|foreign bodies]] from the [[human eye|eye]] and in 1886 developed the [[Hirschberg test]] for measuring [[strabismus]]
* [[Peter Adolph Gad]] (1846–1907), Danish-Brazilian ophthalmologist who founded the first eye infirmary in São Paulo, Brazil
* [[Rosa Kerschbaumer-Putjata]] (1851–1923), Russian-Austrian ophthalmologist who was the first female doctor in Austria, headed "mobile ophthalmological troops" in Russia and reduced the above-average number of blind people in [[Salzburg]] where she ran a private eye clinic.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ing |first=Susanne |title=Rosa Kerschbaumer-Putjata |url=https://www.stadt-salzburg.at/archiv/frauen-und-geschlechtergeschichte/rosa-kerschbaumer-putjata |access-date=2025-01-15 |website=Stadt Salzburg |language=de}}</ref>
* Socrate Polara (1800–1860, Italy) founded the first dedicated ophthalmology clinic in [[Sicily]] in 1829, as a philanthropic endeavor; in 1831 he was appointed as the first director of the ophthalmology department at the Grand Hospital of [[Palermo]], Sicily, after the Sicilian government became convinced of the importance of state support for the specialization<ref>{{cite book|last=Parisi|first=Antonino|title=Annuario Storico del Regno della Due Sicilie, dal Principio del Governo, di Ferdinando II Borbone|year=1838|publisher=Tipografica Trani (Napoli)|pages=66–67}}</ref>
* [[Herman Snellen]] (1834–1908) (Netherlands) introduced the [[Snellen chart]] to study [[visual acuity]]

===20th–21st centuries===
* [[Volodymyr Filatov|Vladimir Petrovich Filatov]] (1875–1956) (Russia) contributed the tube flap grafting method, corneal transplantation, and preservation of grafts from cadaver eyes and tissue therapy; he founded the [[Filatov Institute of Eye Diseases and Tissue Therapy]], Odessa, one of the leading eye-care institutes in the world.
* [[Shinobu Ishihara]] (1879–1963) (Japan), in 1918, invented the [[Ishihara test|Ishihara Color Vision Test]], a common method for determining [[Color blindness]]; he also made major contributions to the study of [[Trachoma]] and [[Myopia]].
* [[Ignacio Barraquer]] (1884–1965) (Spain), in 1917, invented the first motorized vacuum instrument (erisophake) for intracapsular [[cataract]] extraction; he founded the Barraquer Clinic in 1941 and the Barraquer Institute in 1947 in Barcelona, Spain.
* [[Ernst Fuchs (doctor)|Ernst Fuchs]] (1851–1930) was an Austrian ophthalmologist known for his discovery and description of numerous ocular diseases and abnormalities including [[Fuchs' dystrophy]] and [[Fuchs heterochromic iridocyclitis]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Müller |first1=Andreas |title=Professor Ernst Fuchs (1851–1930) |journal=Archives of Ophthalmology |date=1 June 2003 |volume=121 |issue=6 |pages=888–91 |doi=10.1001/archopht.121.6.888|pmid=12796263 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* [[Tsutomu Sato (ophthalmologist)|Tsutomu Sato]] (1902–1960) (Japan) pioneer in incisional refractive surgery, including techniques for astigmatism and the invention of [[radial keratotomy]] for myopia.
* [[Jules Gonin]] (1870–1935) (Switzerland) was the "father of retinal detachment surgery".
* [[Harold Ridley (ophthalmologist)|Sir Harold Ridley]] (1906–2001) (United Kingdom), in 1949, may have been the first to successfully implant an artificial intraocular lens after observing that plastic fragments in the eyes of wartime pilots were well tolerated; he fought for decades against strong reactionary opinions to have the concept accepted as feasible and useful.
* [[Wajid Ali Khan Burki]] (1900–1989) (Pakistan), was the "father of medical services" in Pakistan and  distinguished ophthalmologist widely recognized as an expert in the field of eye care.
* [[Charles Schepens]] (1912–2006) (Belgium) was the "father of modern retinal surgery" and developer of the Schepens indirect binocular ophthalmoscope whilst at Moorfields Eye Hospital; he was the founder of the [[Schepens Eye Research Institute]], associated with [[Harvard Medical School]] and the [[Massachusetts Eye and Ear|Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary]], in [[Boston]], [[Massachusetts]].
*[[Tom Pashby]] (1915–2005) (Canada) was [[CSA Group|Canadian Standards Association]] and a sport safety advocate to prevent eye injuries and spinal cord injuries, developed safer sports equipment, named to the [[Order of Canada]], inducted into Canada's Sport Hall of Fame.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sportshall.ca/hall-of-famers/hall-of-famers-search.html?proID=35&lang=EN|title=Dr. Tom Pashby|year=2000|website=[[Canada's Sports Hall of Fame]]|access-date=October 26, 2022|archive-date=October 22, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221022185920/http://www.sportshall.ca/hall-of-famers/hall-of-famers-search.html?proID=35&lang=EN|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Marshall M. Parks]] (1918–2005) (United States) was the "father of pediatric ophthalmology".<ref>{{cite web|title=Hall of Fame|publisher=American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology & Strabismus|url=https://aapos.org/meetings/lectures/hall-of-fame|access-date=2021-03-30|archive-date=2021-04-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421120535/https://aapos.org/meetings/lectures/hall-of-fame|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[José Ignacio Barraquer]] (1916–1998) (Spain) was the "father of modern refractive surgery" and in the 1960s, he developed lamellar techniques, including [[keratomileusis]] and keratophakia, as well as the first [[microkeratome]] and corneal [[microlathe]].
* [[Tadeusz Krwawicz]] (1910–1988) (Poland), in 1961, developed the first cryoprobe for intracapsular cataract extraction.
* [[Svyatoslav Fyodorov]] (1927–2000) (Russia) was the "father of ophthalmic microsurgery" and he improved and popularized [[radial keratotomy]], invented a surgical cure for cataract, and he developed scleroplasty.
* [[Charles Kelman]] (1930–2004) (United States) developed the ultrasound and mechanized irrigation and aspiration system for [[phacoemulsification]], first allowing cataract extraction through a small incision.
* [[Melvin L. Rubin]] (1932–2014) (United States) was a retinal surgeon and educator; he created the Ophthalmic Knowledge Assessment Program (OKAP) that changed ophthalmic education, and was author of leading textbooks ''Optics for Clinicians'' and ''The Fine Art of Prescribing  Glasses'', as well as ''The Dictionary of Eye Terminology'' - currently in its 8th edition. Rubin served as president, and later chairman, of the American Academy of Ophthalmology; and chairman of the American Boards of Ophthalmology.
* [[Helena Ndume]] (born 1960) (Namibia) is a renowned ophthalmologist notable for her charitable work among people with eye-related illnesses.
* [[Rand Paul]] (born 1963) (United States) worked as an ophthalmologist before becoming a US senator.
* [[J. Morgan Micheletti]] (United States) is an ophthalmologist, researcher, inventor, and podcaster known for advancements in ocular health and recipient of the Outstanding Young Texas Ex Award.