Editing Napoleon (section)

===Concordat===
[[File:FrenchChurchOathConcordat.jpg|thumb|Leaders of the Catholic Church taking the civil oath required by the [[Concordat of 1801]]]]
Seeking national reconciliation between revolutionaries and Catholics, Napoleon and [[Pope Pius VII]] agreed to the [[Concordat of 1801]]. The agreement recognized the Catholic Church as the majority church of France and in return the Church recognized Napoleon's regime, undercutting much of the ground from royalists. The Concordat confirmed the seizure of Church lands and endowments during the revolution, but reintroduced state salaries for the clergy. The government also controlled the nomination of bishops for investiture by the pope. Bishops and other clergy were required to swear an oath of loyalty to the regime.{{sfnp|Ellis|1997a|pp=244-45}}<ref>William Roberts (1999), "Napoleon, the Concordat of 1801, and Its Consequences". in by Frank J. Coppa, ed., ''Controversial Concordats: The Vatican's Relations with Napoleon, Mussolini, and Hitler'', pp. 34–80.</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Aston |first=Nigel |url=http://archive.org/details/religionrevoluti0000asto_b5c4 |title=Religion and revolution in France, 1780-1804 |date=2000 |publisher=[[Catholic University of America Press]] |isbn=978-0-8132-0976-0 |pages=279–315}}</ref>

When the Concordat was published on 8 April 1802, Napoleon presented another set of laws called the [[Organic Articles]] which further increased state control over the French Church.{{sfnp|Ellis|1997a|pp=244-45}} Similar arrangements were made with the Church in territories controlled by Napoleon, especially in Italy and Germany.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Aston |first=Nigel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r7yVDUMVITkC |title=Christianity and Revolutionary Europe, 1750-1830 |date=2002 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-46592-2 |pages=261–262 |access-date=2 December 2023 |archive-date=2 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231202040240/https://books.google.com/books?id=r7yVDUMVITkC |url-status=live}}</ref>