Editing Muslim Brotherhood (section)

===Rest of Africa===
====Algeria====
{{Further|Movement of Society for Peace}}
The Muslim Brotherhood reached Algeria during the later years of the French colonial presence in the country (1830–1962). Sheikh Ahmad Sahnoun led the organization in Algeria between 1953 and 1954 during the French colonialism. Brotherhood members and sympathizers took part in the uprising against France in 1954–1962, but the movement was marginalized during the largely secular FLN one-party rule which was installed at independence in 1962. It remained unofficially active, sometimes protesting the government and calling for increased Islamization and Arabization of the country's politics.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NYYyDwAAQBAJ&q=Ahmed+Sahnoun+%221953%22&pg=PA320|title = Historical Dictionary of Islamic Fundamentalism|isbn = 9781538106709|last1 = Guidère|first1 = Mathieu|date = 20 September 2017| publisher=Rowman & Littlefield }}</ref>

When a multi-party system was introduced in Algeria in the early 1990s, the Muslim Brotherhood formed the [[Movement of Society for Peace]] (MSP, previously known as Hamas), led by [[Mahfoud Nahnah]] until his death in 2003 (he was succeeded by present party leader [[Boudjerra Soltani]]). The Muslim Brotherhood in Algeria did not join the [[Front islamique du salut]] (FIS), which emerged as the leading Islamist group, winning the 1991 elections and which was banned in 1992 following a military coup d'état, although some Brotherhood sympathizers did. The Brotherhood subsequently also refused to join the violent post-coup uprising by FIS sympathizers and the [[Armed Islamic Groups]] (GIA) against the Algerian state and military which followed, and urged a peaceful resolution to the conflict and a return to democracy. It has thus remained a legal political organization and enjoyed parliamentary and government representation. In 1995, Sheikh Nahnah ran for [[President of Algeria]] finishing second with 25.38% of the popular vote. During the 2000s (decade), the party—led by Nahnah's successor [[Boudjerra Soltani]]—has been a member of a three-party coalition backing President [[Abdelaziz Bouteflika]].

====Libya====
{{Further|Justice and Construction Party|Party of Reform and Development|Homeland Party (Libya)}}
A group of the Muslim Brotherhood came to the Libyan kingdom in the 1950s as refugees escaping crackdown by the Egyptian leader [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]], but it was not able to operate openly until after the [[First Libyan Civil War]]. They were viewed negatively by King [[Idris of Libya]] who had become increasingly wary of their activities. [[Muammar Gaddafi]] forbade all forms of [[Islamism]] in Libya and was an archenemy to the Muslim Brotherhood for long time. The group held its first public press conference on 17 November 2011, and on 24 December the Brotherhood announced that it would form the [[Justice and Construction Party]] (JCP) and contest the [[2012 Libyan General National Congress election|General National Congress elections]] the following year.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-muslim-brotherhood-idUSTRE7AG2OY20111117| work=[[Reuters]]| title=Muslim Brotherhood goes public with Libya summit| date=17 November 2011| access-date=1 July 2017| archive-date=8 January 2012| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120108142418/http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/11/17/us-libya-muslim-brotherhood-idUSTRE7AG2OY20111117| url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.tripolipost.com/articledetail.asp?c=1&i=7553 |work=The Tripoli Post |title=Muslim Brotherhood to Contest Libyan Elections as Independent Party |date=24 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505212829/http://www.tripolipost.com/articledetail.asp?c=1&i=7553 |archive-date=5 May 2015}}</ref> The Libyan Muslim Brotherhood has "little history of interactions with the masses."<ref>{{citation|last=Ashour|first=Omar|date=August 2015|url=https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Libya_Ashour_FINALv.pdf|title=Between ISIS and a Failed State: The Saga of Libyan Islamists (Working Paper)|publisher=[[Brookings Institution]]|access-date=14 June 2022|archive-date=20 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120084950/https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Libya_Ashour_FINALv.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

Despite predictions based on fellow post-[[Arab Spring]] nations Tunisia and Egypt that the Brotherhood's party would easily win the elections, it instead came a distant second to the [[National Forces Alliance]], receiving just 10% of the vote and 17 out of 80 [[Party-list proportional representation|party-list]] seats.<ref>{{cite web|title=National Congress party results|url=http://www.libyaherald.com/2012/07/18/party-results/|work=Libya Herald|date=18 July 2012|access-date=15 February 2013|archive-date=23 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190523174203/https://www.libyaherald.com/2012/07/18/party-results/|url-status=live}}</ref> Their candidate for Prime Minister, [[Awad al-Baraasi]] was also defeated in the first round of voting in September, although he was later made a Deputy Prime Minister under [[Ali Zeidan]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Wahab|first1=Ashraf Abdul|last2=Cousins|first2=Michel|title=Abushagur elected as Prime Minister|url=http://www.libyaherald.com/2012/09/12/abushagur-elected-prime-minister/|access-date=15 February 2013|newspaper=Libya Herald|date=12 September 2012|archive-date=9 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409151850/https://www.libyaherald.com/2012/09/12/abushagur-elected-prime-minister/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.tripolipost.com/articledetail.asp?c=1&i=9403 |title=Libyan Prime Minister Nominates His Government Line-Up |date=30 October 2012 |work=Tripoli Post |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505205835/http://www.tripolipost.com/articledetail.asp?c=1&i=9403 |archive-date=5 May 2015}}</ref> A JCP Congressman, Saleh Essaleh is also the vice speaker of the [[General National Congress]].<ref>{{cite news|title=National Congress elects two vice speakers|url=http://www.libyaherald.com/2012/08/10/national-congress-elects-two-vice-speakers/|access-date=15 February 2013|newspaper=Libya Herald|date=10 August 2012|archive-date=1 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231001212132/https://www.libyaherald.com/2012/08/10/national-congress-elects-two-vice-speakers/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The Party of Reform and Development is led by Khaled al-Werchefani, a former member of the Muslim Brotherhood.<ref name=islamistparty>{{cite news|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/first-islamist-party-emerges-in-libya.aspx?pageID=238&nID=11203&NewsCatID=357|title=First Islamist party emerges in Libya|work=Hürriyet Daily News|date=11 January 2012|access-date=25 January 2012|agency=Agence France-Presse|location=Tripoli|archive-date=10 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410163347/https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/first-islamist-party-emerges-in-libya.aspx?pageID=238&nID=11203&NewsCatID=357|url-status=live}}</ref>

Sallabi, the Head of Homeland Party, has close ties to [[Yusuf al-Qaradawi]], the spiritual leader of the international Muslim Brotherhood.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Historical dictionary of Islamic Fundamentalism|last=Guidere|first=Mathieu|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|year=2017|isbn=9781538106709|page=323}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=al-Batakoshi |first1=Asmaa |title=Sallabi and Qaradawi: Two sides of the same terrorism coin |url=http://www.theportal-center.com/2019/10/sallabi-and-qaradawi-two-sides-of-the-same-terrorism-coin/ |access-date=5 March 2023 |work=The Portal |date=23 October 2019 |archive-date=29 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329101731/https://www.theportal-center.com/2019/10/sallabi-and-qaradawi-two-sides-of-the-same-terrorism-coin/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The Muslim Brotherhood in Libya has come under widespread criticism, particularly for their alleged ties with extremist organizations operating in Libya.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.csis.org/events/roundtable-crisis-muslim-brotherhood|title=Roundtable: The Crisis of the Muslim Brotherhood|publisher=CSIS|language=en|access-date=2017-11-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180621115830/https://www.csis.org/events/roundtable-crisis-muslim-brotherhood|archive-date=21 June 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> In fact, the text of the U.S. Congress Muslim Brotherhood Terrorist Designation Act of 2015 directly accuses the militias of the Libyan Muslim Brotherhood of "joining forces with United States designated terrorist organizations, particularly Ansar al-Sharia" who the United States blames for the attack on its compound in Benghazi.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/house-bill/3892/text?format=txt|title=Text – H.R.3892 – 114th Congress (2015–2016): Muslim Brotherhood Terrorist Designation Act of 2015|date=24 February 2016|access-date=9 November 2017|archive-date=10 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171110061709/https://www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/house-bill/3892/text?format=txt|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/05/libya-ansar-al-sharia-announces-dissolution-170528045219409.html|title=Libya's Ansar al-Sharia announces dissolution|publisher=Al Jazeera|access-date=2017-11-09|archive-date=28 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170528070435/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/05/libya-ansar-al-sharia-announces-dissolution-170528045219409.html|url-status=live}}</ref> There have been similar reports that those tasked with guarding the Benghazi consulate on the night of the assault were connected to the Muslim Brotherhood.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/larrybell/2012/12/02/muslim-brotherhood-fox-was-hired-to-protect-our-benghazi-consulate-henhouse-interview/|title=Muslim Brotherhood Fox Was Hired To Protect Our Benghazi Consulate Henhouse – Interview|last=Bell|first=Larry|work=Forbes|access-date=2017-11-09|language=en|archive-date=11 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230611114011/https://www.forbes.com/sites/larrybell/2012/12/02/muslim-brotherhood-fox-was-hired-to-protect-our-benghazi-consulate-henhouse-interview/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The Libyan Muslim Brotherhood has lost much of its popular support since 2012 as the group was blamed for divisions in the country. Secular Libyan politicians have continued to voice concerns of the Brotherhood's ties to extremist groups. In October 2017, spokesman of the Libyan National Army (LNA) colonel Ahmed Al Masmary claimed that "branches of the Muslim Brotherhood affiliated to al-Qaeda" had joined forces with ISIS in Libya.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/gulf/2017/10/02/Libyan-army-Qatar-transporting-armed-ISIS-militants-from-Syria-to-Libya.html|title=Libyan army: Qatar transports armed ISIS militants from Syria to Libya|publisher=Al Arabiya|language=en|access-date=2017-11-09|archive-date=10 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410131838/https://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/gulf/2017/10/02/Libyan-army-Qatar-transporting-armed-ISIS-militants-from-Syria-to-Libya.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In the 2014 parliamentary elections, the Muslim Brotherhood won only 25 of the 200 available seats.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wilsoncenter.org/article/libyas-islamists-who-they-are-and-what-they-want|title=Libya's Islamists: Who They Are – And What They Want|date=2017-08-08|publisher=Wilson Center|access-date=2017-11-09|archive-date=5 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005085324/https://www.wilsoncenter.org/article/libyas-islamists-who-they-are-and-what-they-want|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Mauritania====
{{Further|National Rally for Reform and Development}}
Changes to the demographic and political makeup of Mauritania in the 1970s heavily contributed to the growth of Islamism within Mauritanian society. Periods of [[Sahel drought#Late 20th century droughts|severe drought]] resulted in urbanization, as large numbers of Mauritanians moved from the countryside to the cities, particularly [[Nouakchott]], to escape the drought. This sharp increase in urbanization resulted in new civil associations being formed, and Mauritania's first Islamist organisation, known as Jemaa Islamiyya (Islamic Association) was formed by Mauritanians sympathetic to the Muslim Brotherhood.<ref name="Mauritania Carnegie">{{cite web|url=http://carnegie-mec.org/publications/?fa=47312|title=Mauritania's Islamists|publisher=Carnegie Middle East Center|last=Thurston|first=Alex|access-date=3 May 2013|archive-date=23 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723051758/http://carnegie-mec.org/publications/?fa=47312|url-status=live}}</ref>

There was increased activism relating to the Muslim Brotherhood in the 1980s, partially driven by members of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood.<ref name="Mauritania Carnegie"/>

In 2007 the [[National Rally for Reform and Development]], better known as Tewassoul, was legalized as a political party. The party is associated with the Mauritanian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.<ref name="Mauritania Carnegie" />

====Morocco====
{{Further|Justice and Development Party (Morocco)}}
The [[Justice and Development Party (Morocco)|Justice and Development Party]] was the largest vote-getter in [[Politics of Morocco#Political parties and elections|Morocco's 2011 election]], and as of May 2015, held the office of Prime Minister.<ref name=Ibish /> It is historically affiliated with the Muslim Brotherhood,<ref name=menas>{{cite web|url=https://menas.co.uk/blog/threat-of-us-designation-sparks-fears-in-ruling-pjd|work=Menas Associates|date=29 May 2019|title=Threat of US designation sparks fears in ruling PJD|access-date=1 November 2023|archive-date=1 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101165051/https://menas.co.uk/blog/threat-of-us-designation-sparks-fears-in-ruling-pjd|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.africa-confidential.com/article-preview/id/5197/Headaches_for_Benkirane_|work=[[Africa Confidential]]|date=24 January 2014|title=Headaches for Benkirane|access-date=1 November 2023|archive-date=1 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101165051/https://www.africa-confidential.com/article-preview/id/5197/Headaches_for_Benkirane_|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.swp-berlin.org/publications/products/comments/2014C51_msb.pdf|work=[[German Institute for International and Security Affairs]]|date=November 2014|page=4|title=Islamist and Secular Forces in Morocco|author=Mohammed Masbah|access-date=1 November 2023|archive-date=1 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101165050/https://www.swp-berlin.org/publications/products/comments/2014C51_msb.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/fr/opinion-fr/islamistes-maroc-algerie-tunisie-libye-pjd-msp-ennahdha-morsi-freres-musulmans-islam-politique|work=[[Middle East Eye]]|date=16 September 2021|title=Fin de parcours pour les Frères musulmans au Maghreb ?|author=Abed Charef|access-date=1 November 2023|archive-date=1 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101165049/https://www.middleeasteye.net/fr/opinion-fr/islamistes-maroc-algerie-tunisie-libye-pjd-msp-ennahdha-morsi-freres-musulmans-islam-politique|url-status=live}}</ref> however, despite this, PJD was never an official branch<ref name=menas/> and the party has reportedly "ostentatiously" praised the King of Morocco, while "loudly insisting that it is in no sense whatsoever a Muslim Brotherhood party".<ref name=Ibish/>

====Somalia====
Al-Islah has been described as "a generally nonviolent and modernizing Islamic movement that emphasizes the reformation and revival of Islam to meet the challenges of the modern world", whose "goal is the establishment of an [[Islamic state]]" and which "operates primarily in Mogadishu".<ref name="state2004">{{cite web|url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2004/35382.htm|title=International Religious Freedom Report 2004. Somalia|publisher=State.gov|date=1 January 2004|access-date=28 November 2012|archive-date=4 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190804153923/https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2004/35382.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> 

====Sudan====
{{Further|National Islamic Front|National Congress Party (Sudan)|Islamism in Sudan}}An offshoot of the Sudanese branch of the Muslim Brotherhood, the [[National Islamic Front|Islamic Charter Front]] grew during the 1960, with Islamic scholar [[Hasan al-Turabi]] becoming its Secretary general in 1964.<ref name=Natsios-84>{{cite book|last1=Natsios|first1=Andrew S.|title=Sudan, South Sudan, and Darfur: What Everyone Needs to Know|date=2012|publisher=Oxford University Press|pages=84–5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wuffMW1e5BwC&q=offshoot+of+the+Sudanese+branch+of+the+Muslim+Brotherhood%2C+the+Islamic+Charter+Front&pg=PA84|access-date=22 April 2015|isbn=9780199764198|archive-date=30 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630113705/https://books.google.com/books?id=wuffMW1e5BwC&q=offshoot+of+the+Sudanese+branch+of+the+Muslim+Brotherhood%2C+the+Islamic+Charter+Front&pg=PA84|url-status=live}}</ref>{{Request quotation|date=September 2017}} The Islamic Charter Front (ICM) was renamed several times most recently being called the [[National Islamic Front]] (NIF). The Muslim Brotherhood/NIF's main objective in Sudan was to Islamize the society "from above" and to institutionalize the Islamic law throughout the country where they succeeded. To that end the party infiltrated the top echelons of the government where the education of party cadre, frequently acquired in the West, made them "indispensable". This approach was described by Turabi himself as the "jurisprudence of necessity".<ref name=kepel-179>{{cite book|last1=Kepel|first1=Gilles|title=Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam|url=https://archive.org/details/jihad00gill_0|url-access=registration|date=2002|publisher=Belknap Press of Harvard University Press|pages=[https://archive.org/details/jihad00gill_0/page/179 179–180]|isbn=9780674008779}}</ref>{{Request quotation|date=September 2017}}

Meeting resistance from non-Islamists, from already established Muslim organisations, and from non-Muslims in the south, the Sudanese NIF government under Turabi and the NIF organized a coup to overthrow a democratically elected government in 1989, organized the Popular Defense Force which committed "widespread, deliberate and systematic atrocities against hundreds of thousands of southern civilians" in the 1990s.<ref name=Natsios-85 /> The NIF government also employed "widespread arbitrary and extrajudicial arrest, torture, and execution of labor union officials, military officers, journalists, political figures and civil society leaders".<ref name=Natsios-85>{{cite book|last1=Natsios|first1=Andrew S.|title=Sudan, South Sudan, and Darfur: What Everyone Needs to Know|date=2012|publisher=Oxford University Press.|pages=85–6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wuffMW1e5BwC&q=offshoot+of+the+Sudanese+branch+of+the+Muslim+Brotherhood%2C+the+Islamic+Charter+Front&pg=PA84|access-date=22 April 2015|isbn=9780199764198|archive-date=30 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630113705/https://books.google.com/books?id=wuffMW1e5BwC&q=offshoot+of+the+Sudanese+branch+of+the+Muslim+Brotherhood%2C+the+Islamic+Charter+Front&pg=PA84|url-status=live}}</ref>{{Request quotation|date=September 2017}}

The NCP was dissolved in the aftermath of the [[2019 Sudanese coup d'état|military takeover]] on 11 April 2019.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-47898385 |title=Omar al-Bashir: How Sudan's military strongmen stayed in power |work=BBC News |date=12 April 2019 |access-date=2019-04-24 |archive-date=10 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201010105427/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-47898385 |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Tunisia====
{{Further|Ennahda Movement}}