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==Bibliography== ===Ancient=== {{Refbegin|30em}} * Aristides, Aelius. ''Orationes'' (in Latin). :Trapp, Michael B. ''Orations. 1: Orationes 1–2''. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2017. {{ISBN|978-0674996465}}. * Victor, Aurelius. ''De Caesaribus'' (in Latin). :Bird, H.W. ''De Caesaribus''. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 1994. {{ISBN|978-0853232186}}. * Dio, Cassius. ''Roman History'' (in Greek). :Cary, Earnest, trans. ''Roman History''. 9 vols. Loeb ed. London: Heinemann, 1914–27. {{OCLC|500523615}}. Online at [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/home.html LacusCurtius] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210404013041/https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/home.html |date=4 April 2021 }}. * ''Digest'' (in Latin). :Scott, S.P., trans. ''The Digest or Pandects'' in ''The Civil Law''. 17 vols. Cincinnati: Central Trust Company, 1932. {{OCLC|23759480}}. Online at the [http://www.constitution.org/sps/sps.htm Constitution Society] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011111072105/http://www.constitution.org/sps/sps.htm |date=11 November 2001 }}. * [[Epiphanius of Salamis]]. ''[[On Weights and Measures]]'' (in Latin). :Dean, James Elmer, ed. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=FnMlnQEACAAJ Epiphanius' Treatise on Weights and Measures – The Syriac Version]''. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1935. {{OCLC|123314338}}. * Fronto, Marcus Cornelius. ''The Correspondence of Marcus Cornelius Fronto: With Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, Lucius Verus, Antoninus Pius, and Various Friends'' (in Latin). :Haines, Charles Reginald, trans. ''The Correspondence of Marcus Cornelius Fronto: With Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, Lucius Verus, Antoninus Pius, and Various Friends''. 2 vols. Loeb ed. London: Heinemann, 1920. {{OCLC|476921438}}. Online at the Internet Archive: Vol. [https://archive.org/details/correspondencem00auregoog 1], [https://archive.org/details/correspondencem00frongoog 2]. * Gellius, Aulus. ''Noctes Atticae'' (''Attic Nights''). :Rolfe, J.C., trans. ''The Attic nights of Aulus Gellius''. 3 vols. Loeb ed. London: Heinemann, 1927–28. {{OCLC|59229750}} (Vol. 1), {{OCLC|1072405870}} (Vol. 2), {{OCLC|1021363430}} (Vol. 3). Vols. 1 and 2 online at [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Gellius/home.html LacusCurtius]. * Herodian. ''Ab Excessu Divi Marci'' (''History of the Roman Empire from the Death of Marcus Aurelius'', in Latin). :Echols, Edward C., trans. ''Herodian of Antioch's History of the Roman empire: From the death of Marcus Aurelius to the accession of Gordian III''. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1961. {{OCLC|463202486}}. Online at [http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/herodian_00_intro.htm Tertullian] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100620222227/http://tertullian.org/fathers/herodian_00_intro.htm |date=20 June 2010 }} and [https://www.livius.org/sources/content/herodian-s-roman-history/ Livius] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191229010221/https://www.livius.org/sources/content/herodian-s-roman-history/ |date=29 December 2019 }}. * Lucian. :Fowler, F.G.; Fowler, H.W., trans. ''The works of Lucian of Samosata''. Oxford: Clarendon P., 1949. {{OCLC|503242210}}. :''Alexander'' (in Latin). Translation online at [http://www.tertullian.org/rpearse/lucian/lucian_alexander.htm Tertullian] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171109160831/http://www.tertullian.org/rpearse/lucian/lucian_alexander.htm |date=9 November 2017 }}. :Translations (from Latin) of [http://www.sacred-texts.com/cla/luc/wl2/wl210.htm ''Historia Quomodo Conscribenda'' (''The Way to Write History'')] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090415073949/http://www.sacred-texts.com/cla/luc/wl2/wl210.htm |date=15 April 2009 }}, [http://www.sacred-texts.com/cla/luc/wl3/wl303.htm ''Imagines'' (''A Portrait–Study'')] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070810172847/http://www.sacred-texts.com/cla/luc/wl3/wl303.htm |date=10 August 2007 }}, and [http://www.sacred-texts.com/cla/luc/wl3/wl304.htm ''Pro Imaginibus'' (''Defence of the 'Portrait–Study{{'}}'')] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327111532/http://www.sacred-texts.com/cla/luc/wl3/wl304.htm |date=27 March 2009 }} online at Sacred Texts, based on the [https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/6585 Gutenberg] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201110173214/http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/6585 |date=10 November 2020 }} e-text. * Marcus Aurelius Antoninus. ''Meditations''. :Farquharson, A.S.L., trans. ''Meditations''. New York: Knopf, 1946, rept. 1992. {{OCLC|897495952}}. * ''Scriptores Historiae Augustae'' (Authors of the Historia Augusta). ''Historia Augusta'' (''Augustan History''). :Magie, David, trans. ''Historia Augusta''. 3 vols. Loeb ed. London: Heinemann, 1921–32. Online at [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Historia_Augusta/home.html LacusCurtius] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210725071321/https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Historia_Augusta/home.html |date=25 July 2021 }}. :Magie, David; Birley, Anthony R. ''Lives of the later Caesars''. London: The Folio Society, 2005. {{ISBN|0141935995}}. * Themistius. ''Orationes'' (in Latin). :Penella, Robert J. ''The private orations of Themistius''. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000. {{ISBN|978-0520218215}}. {{Refend}} ===Modern=== {{Refbegin|30em}} * Ackermann, Marsha E.; Schroeder, Michael J.; Terry, Jancie J.; Lo Upshur, Jiu-Hwa; Whitters, Mark F. [https://books.google.com/books?id=FXllDwAAQBAJ ''Encyclopedia of World History, Ackerman-Schroeder-Terry-Hwa Lo, 2008: Encyclopedia of World History'']{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. New York: Facts on File, 2008. {{ISBN|978-0816063864}}. * Adams, Geoff W. [https://books.google.com/books?id=dpommWWxA9gC ''Marcus Aurelius in the Historia Augusta and Beyond'']. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2013. {{ISBN|978-0739176382}}. * An, Jiayao. 'When Glass Was Treasured in China'. Annette L. Juliano and Judith A. Lerner (eds), [https://books.google.com/books?id=FHJwAAAAMAAJ ''Nomads, Traders, and Holy Men Along China's Silk Road''], 79–94. Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols Publishers, 2002. {{ISBN|978-2503521787}}. * Astarita, Maria L. [https://books.google.com/books?id=uCUBbMOCJ74C ''Avidio Cassio''] (in Italian). Rome: Edizione di Storia e Letteratura, 1983. {{OCLC|461867183}}. * [[Warwick Ball|Ball, Warwick]]. [https://books.google.com/books?id=07pTDAAAQBAJ ''Rome in the East: The Transformation of an Empire''], 2nd edition. London: Routledge, 2016. {{ISBN|978-0415720786}}. * [[Timothy Barnes (classicist)|Barnes, Timothy D.]] 'Hadrian and Lucius Verus'. ''Journal of Roman Studies'' 57:1–2 (1967): 65–79. {{doi|10.2307/299345}}. {{JSTOR|299345}}. * Barnes, Timothy D. 'Legislation against the Christians'. Journal of Roman Studies, Vol. 58 (1968): 32–50. {{doi|10.2307/299693}}. {{JSTOR|299693}}. * Barnes, Timothy D. 'Some Persons in the Historia Augusta', ''Phoenix'' 26:2 (1972): 140–182. {{doi|10.2307/1087714}}. {{JSTOR|1087714}}. * [[Anthony Birley|Birley, Anthony R.]] ''Marcus Aurelius: a biography''. London: Routledge, 1966, rev. 1987. {{ISBN|978-1134695690}}. * Birley, Anthony R. 'Hadrian to the Antonines'. In ''The Cambridge Ancient History Volume 11, The High Empire, AD 70–192'', edited by Alan Bowman, Peter Garnsey, and Dominic Rathbone, 132–194. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000. {{ISBN|978-0521263351}}. * Bowman, John L. [https://books.google.com/books?id=vlhPAwAAQBAJ ''A Reference Guide to Stoicism'']. Bloomington, IN: Author House, 2014. {{ISBN|978-1496900173}}. * [[J. B. Bury|Bury, John Bagnell]]. [https://books.google.com/books?id=iGc-AAAAYAAJ ''The Student's Roman Empire: A History of the Roman Empire from Its Foundation to the Death of Marcus Aurelius (27 B.C.–180 A.D.)'']. New York: Harper, 1893. {{OCLC|1067064647}}. * [[Edward Champlin|Champlin, Edward]]. 'The Chronology of Fronto'. ''Journal of Roman Studies'' 64 (1974): 136–159. {{doi|10.2307/299265}}. {{JSTOR|299265}}. * Champlin, Edward. [https://archive.org/details/frontoantoninero00cham ''Fronto and Antonine Rome'']. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1980. {{ISBN|978-0674331778}}. * Collins, Desmond. [https://books.google.com/books?id=2ls4AAAAIAAJ ''Background to Archaeology: Britain in its European Setting'']. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Archive, 1973. {{OCLC|879899744}}. * [[Rafe de Crespigny|De Crespigny, Rafe]]. [https://books.google.com/books?id=49OvCQAAQBAJ ''A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms (23–220 AD)'']. Boston: Brill, 2007. {{ISBN|978-9047411840}}. * [[Richard Duncan-Jones|Duncan-Jones, Richard]]. [https://books.google.com/books?id=7cpkQQ-n0V8C ''Structure and Scale in the Roman Economy'']. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990. {{ISBN|978-0521892896}}. * [http://capitolini.info/scu03247/?lang=en 'Equestrian Statue of Marcus Aurelius'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180905175622/http://capitolini.info/scu03247/?lang=en |date=5 September 2018 }}. Musei Capitolini. * Gagarin, Michael. ''The Oxford encyclopaedia of ancient Greece and Rome. Volume 7, Temples – Zoology''. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010. {{ISBN|978-0195170726}}. * Giacosa, Giorgio. ''Women of the Caesars: their lives and portraits on coins''. Translated from Italian by R. Ross Holloway. Milan: Edizioni Arte e Moneta, 1977. {{ISBN|0839001932}}. * [[James Frank Gilliam|Gilliam, J. F.]] 'The Plague under Marcus Aurelius'. ''[[American Journal of Philology]]'' 82.3 (1961): 225–251. {{doi|10.2307/292367}}. {{JSTOR|292367}}. * Gnecchi, Francesco. ''I medaglioni Romani'', 3 Vols, Milan, 1912. {{OCLC|6529816}}. * [[Michael Grant (classicist)|Grant, Michael]]. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Ql0fDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT29 ''The Antonines: the Roman Empire in transition'']. London: Routledge, 2016. {{ISBN|978-1317972105}}. * Grant, Michael. [https://books.google.com/books?id=mXc1uk30FIYC ''The Climax Of Rome'']. London: Orion, 2011. {{ISBN|978-1780222769}}. * Haas, Charles. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17195627 The Antonine plague] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200428054452/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17195627 |date=28 April 2020 }} (in French). ''Bulletin de l'Académie Nationale de Médecine''. Académie nationale de médecine. 190 (2006): 1093–1098. {{OCLC|958470753}}. * [[Pierre Hadot|Hadot, Pierre]]. [https://books.google.com/books?id=3dLVyyDE-vQC ''The inner citadel: the Meditations of Marcus Aurelius'']. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998. {{ISBN|978-0674461710}}. * Hays, Gregory. ''Meditations''. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2003. {{ISBN|978-1842126752}}. * {{cite book |last1=Holiday |first1=Ryan |author1-link=Ryan Holiday|last2=Hanselman |first2=Stephen |title=Lives of the Stoics |date=2020 |publisher=Portfolio/Penguin |location=New York |isbn=978-0525541875 |pages=279–299 |chapter=Marcus Aurelius the Philosopher King}} * Irvine, William B. ''A Guide to the Good Life: The Ancient Art of Stoic Joy''. Oxford University Press, 2009. {{ISBN|978-1522632733}}. * Kemezis, Adam M. [https://books.google.com/books?id=YkilBAAAQBAJ ''Greek Narratives of the Roman Empire under the Severans: Cassius Dio, Philostratus and Herodian'']. Cambridge University Press, 2014. {{ISBN|978-1107062726}}. * Kleiner, Fred S. [https://books.google.com/books?id=IJrN8rDirxkC ''Gardner's art through the ages. Volume II: the western perspective'']. Mason, OH: Cengage Learning, 2008. {{ISBN|978-0495573555}}. * Le Bohec, Yann. [https://books.google.com/books?id=IFWSAgAAQBAJ ''The Imperial Roman Army'']. Routledge, 2013. {{ISBN|978-1135955137}}. * [[Barbara Levick|Levick, Barbara M.]] [https://books.google.com/books?id=oVapAgAAQBAJ ''Faustina I and II: Imperial Women of the Golden Age'']. New York: Oxford University Press, 2014. {{ISBN|978-0199702176}}. * Magill, Frank N. [https://books.google.com/books?id=wyKaVFZqbdUC ''Dictionary of World Biography'']. London: Routledge, 2003. {{ISBN|978-1579580407}}. * [[Harold Mattingly|Mattingly, Harold]]; Sydenham, Edward A. ''The Roman imperial coinage. Vol. III, Antoninus Pius to Commodus''. London: Spink & Son, 1930. {{OCLC|768929523}}. * [[Ronald Mellor|Mellor, Ronald]], review of Edward Champlin's ''Fronto and Antonine Rome'', ''[[American Journal of Philology]]'' 103:4 (1982). * Merrony, Mark. [https://books.google.com/books?id=LkgrDwAAQBAJ ''The Plight of Rome in the Fifth Century AD''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119170415/https://books.google.com/books?id=LkgrDwAAQBAJ |date=19 January 2023 }}. London: Routledge, 2017. {{ISBN|978-1351702782}}. * McLaughlin, Raoul. ''Rome and the Distant East: Trade Routes to the Ancient Lands of Arabia, India, and China''. London & New York: Continuum, 2010. {{ISBN|978-1847252357}}. * [[Frank McLynn|McLynn, Frank]]. ''Marcus Aurelius: A Life''. New York: Da Capo Press, 2009. {{ISBN|978-0306819162}}. * McLynn, Frank. ''Marcus Aurelius: Warrior, Philosopher, Emperor''. London: Bodley Head, 2009. {{ISBN|978-0224072922}}. * [[Fergus Millar|Millar, Fergus]]. [https://books.google.com/books?id=IA-YlZqHv90C ''The Roman Near East, 31 B.C.–A.D. 337''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319112407/https://books.google.com/books?id=IA-YlZqHv90C |date=19 March 2023 }}. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1993. {{ISBN|978-0674778863}}. * Pulleyblank, Edwin G.; Leslie, D. D.; Gardiner, K. H. J. 'The Roman Empire as Known to Han China'. ''Journal of the American Oriental Society'', 1999. 119 (1). {{doi|10.2307/605541}}. {{JSTOR|605541}}. * Reed, J. Eugene. [https://books.google.com/books?id=PTnuAAAAMAAJ ''The Lives of the Roman Emperors and Their Associates from Julius Cæsar (B.C. 100) to Agustulus (A.D. 476)'']. Philadelphia, PA: Gebbie & Company, 1883. * Robertson, D. [https://books.google.com/books?id=xGBbDwAAQBAJ ''How to Think Like a Roman Emperor: The Stoic Philosophy of Marcus Aurelius''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190804171626/https://books.google.gr/books?id=xGBbDwAAQBAJ |date=4 August 2019 }}. New York: St. Martin's Press, 2019. * Rohrbacher, David. [https://books.google.com/books?id=gDwGCwAAQBAJ ''The Play of Allusion in the Historia Augusta'']. Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press, 2016. {{ISBN|978-0299306045}}. * Sánchez, Jorge Pisa. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Rj5Vx3gIPhwC ''Breve historia de Hispania: La fascinante historia de Hispania, desde Viriato hasta el esplendor con los emperadores Trajano y Adriano. Los protagonistas, la cultura, la religión y el desarrollo económico y social de una de las provincias más ricas del Imperio romano'' [''Brief history of Hispania: the fascinating history of Hispania, from Viriato to the splendor with the Emperors Trajan and Hadrian. The protagonists, culture, religion, and the economic and social development of one of the richest provinces of the Roman Empire'']]{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{in lang|es}}. Ediciones Nowtilus S.L., 2010. {{ISBN|978-8497637695}}. * [[William O. Stephens|Stephens, William O.]] [http://www.bloomsbury.com/us/marcus-aurelius-a-guide-for-the-perplexed-9781441125613/ ''Marcus Aurelius: A Guide for the Perplexed''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140601205412/http://www.bloomsbury.com/us/marcus-aurelius-a-guide-for-the-perplexed-9781441125613/ |date=1 June 2014 }}. London: Continuum, 2012. {{ISBN|978-1441125613}}. * Stertz, Stephen A. 'Marcus Aurelius as Ideal Emperor in Late-Antique Greek Thought'. ''The Classical World'' 70:7 (1977): 433–439. {{doi|10.2307/4348712}}. {{JSTOR|4348712}}. * [[Ronald Syme|Syme, Ronald]]. 'The Ummidii'. ''Historia'' 17:1 (1968): 72–105. {{JSTOR|4435015}}. * Van Ackeren, Marcel. [https://books.google.com/books?id=nsdkQA735p4C ''A Companion to Marcus Aurelius''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230909022406/https://books.google.com/books?id=nsdkQA735p4C |date=9 September 2023 }}. New York: Malden, MA : Wiley-Blackwell, 2012. {{ISBN|978-1405192859}}. {{OCLC|784124210}}. * Young, Gary K. [https://books.google.com/books?id=E5yCAgAAQBAJ ''Rome's Eastern Trade: International Commerce and Imperial Policy 31 BC – AD 305'']. London: Routledge, 2003. {{ISBN|978-1134547937}}. * Yü, Ying-shih. 'Han Foreign Relations', in Denis Twitchett and Michael Loewe (eds), [https://books.google.com/books?id=A2HKxK5N2sAC ''The Cambridge History of China: Volume 1, The Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 BC–AD 220''], 377–462. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986. {{ISBN|978-0521243278}}. {{Refend}}
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