Editing Kidney dialysis (section)

==History==
[[File:Dialysis - arm - 01.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Arm hooked up to dialysis tubing.]]
In 1913, [[Leonard Rowntree]] and [[John Jacob Abel]] of [[Johns Hopkins Hospital]] developed the first dialysis system which they successfully tested in animals.<ref name="pmid10160880">{{cite journal | vauthors = Abel JJ, Rowntree LG, Turner BB | title = On the removal of diffusable substances from the circulating blood by means of dialysis. Transactions of the Association of American Physicians, 1913 | journal = Transfusion Science | volume = 11 | issue = 2 | pages = 164–5 | date = 1990 | pmid = 10160880 | doi = | url = }}</ref> A Dutch doctor, [[Willem Johan Kolff]], constructed the first working dialyzer in 1943 during the [[History of the Netherlands (1939–1945)|Nazi occupation of the Netherlands]].<ref name=NYT>{{Cite news|title=Willem Kolff, Doctor Who Invented Kidney and Heart Machines, Dies at 97| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/13/health/13kolff.html|date=12 February 2009| newspaper=The New York Times| vauthors = Blakeslee S }}</ref> Due to the scarcity of available resources, Kolff had to improvise and build the initial machine using [[Casing (sausage)|sausage casings]], [[beverage can]]s, a [[washing machine]] and various other items that were available at the time. Over the following two years (1944–1945), Kolff used his machine to treat 16 patients with [[acute kidney failure]], but the results were unsuccessful. Then, in 1945, a 67-year-old comatose woman regained consciousness following 11 hours of hemodialysis with the dialyzer and lived for another seven years before dying from an unrelated condition. She was the first-ever patient successfully treated with dialysis.<ref name="NYT"/> [[Donald Walter Gordon Murray|Gordon Murray]] of the [[University of Toronto]] independently developed a dialysis machine in 1945. Unlike Kolff's rotating drum, Murray's machine used fixed flat plates, more like modern designs.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = McAlister VC | title = Clinical kidney transplantation: a 50th anniversary review of the first reported series | journal = American Journal of Surgery | volume = 190 | issue = 3 | pages = 485–488 | date = September 2005 | pmid = 16105541 | doi = 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2005.04.016 | url = http://ir.lib.uwo.ca/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1052&context=surgerypub }}</ref> Like Kolff, Murray's initial success was in patients with acute renal failure.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Murray G, Delorme E, Thomas N | title = Development of an artificial kidney; experimental and clinical experiences | journal = Archives of Surgery | volume = 55 | issue = 5 | pages = 505–522 | date = November 1947 | pmid = 20271745 | doi = 10.1001/archsurg.1947.01230080514001 }}</ref> [[Nils Alwall]] of [[Lund University]] in Sweden modified a similar construction to the Kolff dialysis machine by enclosing it inside a stainless steel canister. This allowed the removal of fluids, by applying a negative pressure to the outside canister, thus making it the first truly practical device for hemodialysis. Alwall treated his first patient in acute kidney failure on 3 September 1946.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kurkus J, Ostrowski J | title = Nils Alwall and his artificial kidneys: Seventieth anniversary of the start of serial production | journal = Artificial Organs | volume = 43 | issue = 8 | pages = 713–718 | date = August 2019 | pmid = 31389617 | doi = 10.1111/aor.13545 | s2cid = 199467973 | doi-access = free }}</ref>