Editing Ketamine (section)

== Veterinary uses ==
[[File:A vile of Ketamine for veterinary use, with a concentration of 10mg per mL.jpg|thumb|An empty vial of Ketamine used by veterinarians for injection]]

In [[veterinary anesthesia]], ketamine is often used for its anesthetic and analgesic effects on cats,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Robertson SA, Taylor PM | title = Pain management in cats—past, present and future. Part 2. Treatment of pain—clinical pharmacology | journal = Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery | volume = 6 | issue = 5 | pages = 321–33 | date = October 2004 | pmid = 15363764 | doi = 10.1016/j.jfms.2003.10.002 | s2cid = 25572412 | pmc = 10822209 }}</ref> dogs,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lamont LA | title = Adjunctive analgesic therapy in veterinary medicine | journal = The Veterinary Clinics of North America. Small Animal Practice | volume = 38 | issue = 6 | pages = 1187–203, v | date = November 2008 | pmid = 18954680 | doi = 10.1016/j.cvsm.2008.06.002 }}</ref> [[rabbit]]s, [[rat]]s, and other small animals.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Stunkard JA, Miller JC | title = An outline guide to general anesthesia in exotic species | journal = Veterinary Medicine, Small Animal Clinician | volume = 69 | issue = 9 | pages = 1181–6 | date = September 1974 | pmid = 4604091 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-118-68590-7 |vauthors=Riviere JE, Papich MG |title=Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics |date=2009 |page=200 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xAPa4WDzAnQC&pg=PP1 |access-date=26 December 2021 |archive-date=8 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230208191902/https://books.google.com/books?id=xAPa4WDzAnQC&pg=PP1 |url-status=live }}</ref> It is frequently used in induction and anesthetic maintenance in horses. It is an important part of the "[[rodent cocktail]]", a mixture of drugs used for anesthetising [[rodents]].<ref>{{citation |year=2012 |title=Standard Operating Procedure No. 1 Anesthesia and Analgesia in Rodents |publisher=Washington College |pages=1–2 |url=https://www.washcoll.edu/live/files/1227-no-1-anesthesia-sop-revised-1012pdf |access-date=27 November 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130804040842/http://www.washcoll.edu/live/files/1227-no-1-anesthesia-sop-revised-1012pdf |archive-date=4 August 2013 }}</ref> Veterinarians often use ketamine with sedative drugs to produce balanced anesthesia and analgesia, and as a constant-rate infusion to help prevent [[pain wind-up]]. Ketamine is also used to manage pain among large animals. It is the primary intravenous anesthetic agent used in equine surgery, often in conjunction with [[detomidine]] and [[thiopental]], or sometimes [[guaifenesin]].<ref name="pmid7212404">{{cite journal | vauthors = Hubbell JA, Muir WW, Sams RA | title = Guaifenesin: cardiopulmonary effects and plasma concentrations in horses | journal = American Journal of Veterinary Research | volume = 41 | issue = 11 | pages = 1751–5 | date = November 1980 | pmid = 7212404 | doi = 10.2460/ajvr.1980.41.11.1751| url = }}</ref>

Ketamine appears not to produce sedation or anesthesia in snails. Instead, it appears to have an excitatory effect.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Woodall AJ, McCrohan CR | title = Excitatory actions of propofol and ketamine in the snail ''Lymnaea stagnalis'' | journal = Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Toxicology & Pharmacology | volume = 127 | issue = 3 | pages = 297–305 | date = December 2000 | pmid = 11246501 | doi = 10.1016/S0742-8413(00)00155-9 }}</ref>