Editing Jansenism (section)

=== Italy ===
The influence of Jansenism in [[Italian Peninsula|Italy]] can be explained with reference to the political fragmentation of the peninsula into numerous states that were traditionally hostile to the papacy. Relations with French Jansenists were established in the 17th century due to contacts established with religious orders, especially [[Benedictines]] and [[Dominican Order|Dominicans]]. The [[Republic of Venice]] played an important role in the translation (into Latin or Italian) and dissemination of French Jansenist texts.<ref name="Chantin-1996" />{{Rp|pages=|page=55}} However, Jansenist ideas only had an impact in northern Italy and did not pass south of Rome.

In the 18th century, it was the [[Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia]] and the [[Grand Duchy of Tuscany]] in particular that were influenced by Jansenism. By its proximity to France, and the fact that it is partly French-speaking, [[Piedmont]] constituted an ideal refuge for Jansenists. Thus, {{Interlanguage link|Jacques Joseph Duguet|fr}} took refuge for a time at [[Tamié Abbey]], while others found refuge in [[Chambéry]]. Joining the opposition to ''Unigenitus'', [[Victor Amadeus II of Savoy]] expelled the Jesuits and replaced them with exiled Port-Royalists. In 1761, the bishop of [[Asti]] encouraged the priests to take a stand in favour of the Church in Utrecht. The Jansenists in exile therefore had significant influence in this part of Italy.<ref name="Chantin-1996" />{{Rp|pages=54–55|page=}}

[[File:Scipione de' ricci by carlo lasinio, 1787.jpg|thumb|[[Scipione de' Ricci]] (1741–1810), Italian Roman Catholic bishop who was sympathetic to Jansenism. He attempted to have it formally approved at the [[Synod of Pistoia]], but was firmly rejected by [[Pope Pius VI]] in his bull ''[[Auctorem fidei]]''.]]

In the Italian territories under [[Habsburg monarchy|Habsburg Austrian]] domination, the situation was more complex. There, Jansenism encountered [[Josephinism]], which guided Austrian policy at that time. Both systems worked to counter the influence of the pope and the Jesuits by applying the principle of the superiority of the state over religious affairs, which was characteristic of [[Gallicanism]]. Jansenism was therefore, in a sense, more moderate religiously but harsher politically, because it was mixed with the Gallican theology of [[Edmond Richer]]. In 1761, [[Maria Theresa|Empress Maria Theresa of Austria]] opened a seminary in [[Vienna]] in the Port-Royalist spirit, calling on professors from Leuven and Holland, and had as a confessor an influential Jansenist, the Abbot of Terme. He also established the ''Nouvelles ecclésiastiques'' in Vienna in 1784.<ref name="Chantin-1996" />{{Rp|pages=56–58|page=}}

In [[Lombardy]], a territory administered directly by Vienna, the theologians [[Pietro Tamburini]], professor of the seminary at [[Brescia]] then at the [[University of Pavia]], and [[Giuseppe Zola]] propagated the theology of Richer which was deeply imbued with Jansenism. They published works on grace in the same spirit as the Port-Royalist theologians. Their works influenced many clergymen, such as [[Scipione de' Ricci]], bishop of [[Pistoia]] and [[Prato]]. He was previously [[vicar general]] of [[Florence]], where he helped [[Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor|Grand Duke Peter Leopold]] carry out his religious reforms. De' Ricci was also interested in the [[Convulsionnaires of Saint-Médard|''Convulsionnaires'']], and sought to transform his diocese according to his convictions.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Godechot |first=Jacques |title=Histoire de l'Italie moderne, Tome 1 |date=1972 |publisher=Hachette |pages=46–47 |language=fr |trans-title=History of modern Italy, vol. 1}}</ref> Thus he introduced into his diocese the ''Catechism of Montpellier'', which was particularly appreciated by Jansenists, distributed to his priests the ''Réflexions morales'' of [[Pasquier Quesnel]], and finally convened a [[Synod of Pistoia|synod in Pistoia]] in 1786 to have his Jansenist orientation approved, along with a radical reform of the Latin liturgy. The synod and De' Ricci were firmly disavowed by Rome and he was forced to resign in 1791, while his positions were condemned by the papal bull ''[[Auctorem fidei]]'' in 1794.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Vaussard |first=Maurice |title=Jansénisme et gallicanisme aux origines religieuses du Risorgimento |date=1959 |publisher=Letouzey et Ané |language=fr |trans-title=Jansenism and Gallicanism at the religious origins of the Risorgimento}}</ref><ref name="Peterson">{{cite Catholic Encyclopedia|wstitle=Synod of Pistoia|volume=12}}</ref>

The [[Republic of Genoa]] was also affected by Jansenism, where Port-Royalist writings were widely distributed. A Genoese priest, {{Interlanguage link|Eustache Degola|fr}}, made contact with the French Jansenists at the end of the 18th century, and in particular with [[Henri Grégoire]]. At the time of the Concordat of 1801, he travelled with Grégoire throughout Europe and then settled between 1801 and 1810 at Port-Royal-des-Champs.<ref name="Gazier-1924" />{{Rp|pages=168–169}} He also had a significant influence upon the Francophile Italian elites. Thus, he converted Countess Manzoni, raised in the [[Reformed Christianity|Reformed]] faith, who was the mother of the great Italian poet [[Alessandro Manzoni]], during one of her visits to Paris. The influence of Italian Jansenism upon the founding fathers of the [[Risorgimento]] is well-known, since [[Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour]], father of Italian unity, and [[Giuseppe Mazzini]], Italian revolutionary, were immersed in the education of Jansenist priests.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gazier |first=Augustin |date=14 March 1908 |title=Manzoni à Port-Royal en 1810 |journal=Revue politique et littéraire (Revue bleue)}}</ref>