Editing Ireland (section)

===Arts===
[[File:KellsFol032vChristEnthroned.jpg|thumb|upright|Illuminated page from [[Book of Kells]]]]

====Literature====
{{Main|Literature of Ireland}}
Ireland has made a substantial contribution to world literature in all its branches, both in Irish and English. Poetry in Irish is among the oldest [[vernacular literature|vernacular poetry]] in Europe, with the earliest examples dating from the 6th century.{{citation needed|date=March 2022}}
Irish remained the dominant literary language down to the 19th century, despite the spread of English from the 17th century on. Prominent names from the medieval period and later include {{lang|ga|[[Gofraidh Fionn Ó Dálaigh]]|italic=no}} (14th century), {{lang|ga|[[Dáibhí Ó Bruadair]]|italic=no}} (17th century) and [[Aogán Ó Rathaille]] (18th century). {{lang|ga|[[Eibhlín Dubh Ní Chonaill]]|italic=no}} ({{Circa|1743|1800}}) was an outstanding poet in the oral tradition. The latter part of the 19th century saw a rapid replacement of Irish by English.{{citation needed|date=March 2022}} By 1900, however, cultural nationalists had begun the [[Gaelic revival]], which saw the beginnings of modern literature in Irish. This was to produce a number of notable writers, including {{lang|ga|[[Máirtín Ó Cadhain]]|italic=no}}, {{lang|ga|[[Máire Mhac an tSaoi]]|italic=no}} and others. Irish-language publishers such as {{lang|ga|[[Coiscéim]]|italic=no}} and {{lang|ga|[[Cló Iar-Chonnacht]]|italic=no}} continue to produce scores of titles every year.

In English, [[Jonathan Swift]], often called the foremost satirist in the English language, gained fame for works such as ''[[Gulliver's Travels]]'' and ''[[A Modest Proposal]]''. Other notable 18th-century writers of Irish origin included [[Oliver Goldsmith]] and [[Richard Brinsley Sheridan]], though they spent most of their lives in England. The Anglo-Irish novel came to the fore in the 19th century, featuring such writers as [[Charles Kickham]], [[William Carleton]], and (in collaboration) [[Edith Somerville]] and [[Violet Florence Martin]]. The playwright and poet [[Oscar Wilde]], noted for his epigrams, was born in Ireland.

In the 20th century, Ireland produced four winners of the [[Nobel Prize for Literature]]: [[George Bernard Shaw]], [[William Butler Yeats]], [[Samuel Beckett]] and [[Seamus Heaney]]. Although not a Nobel Prize winner, [[James Joyce]] is widely considered to be one of the most significant writers of the 20th century. Joyce's 1922 novel ''[[Ulysses (novel)|Ulysses]]'' is considered one of the most important works of [[Modernist literature]] and his life is celebrated annually on 16 June in Dublin as "[[Bloomsday]]".<ref>{{cite web |title=What is Bloomsday? |publisher=James Joyce Centre |url= http://jamesjoyce.ie/what-is-bloomsday/ |access-date=4 October 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140916080551/http://jamesjoyce.ie/what-is-bloomsday/ |archive-date=16 September 2014}}</ref> A comparable writer in Irish is [[Máirtín Ó Cadhain]], whose 1949 novel {{lang|ga|[[Cré na Cille]]}} is regarded as a modernist masterpiece and has been translated into several languages.

Modern Irish literature is often connected with its rural heritage<ref>{{Cite book |first=Andrew |last=Higgins Wyndham |title=Re-imagining Ireland |publisher=University of Virginia Press |location=Charlottesville |date=2006}}</ref> through English-language writers such as [[John McGahern]] and Seamus Heaney and Irish-language writers such as {{lang|ga|[[Máirtín Ó Direáin]]|italic=no}} and others from the {{lang|ga|Gaeltacht|italic=no}}.

[[File:Revolutionary Joyce.jpg|thumb|upright|[[James Joyce]], one of the most significant writers of the 20th century]]

====Music and dance====
{{Main|Music of Ireland|Irish dance}}
Music has been in evidence in Ireland since prehistoric times.<ref>O'Dwyer, Simon: ''Prehistoric Music in Ireland'' (Stroud, Gloucestershire: Tempus Publishing, 2004), {{ISBN|0-7524-3129-3}}.</ref> Although in the early Middle Ages the church was "quite unlike its counterpart in continental Europe",<ref>Brannon, Patrick V.: "Medieval Ireland: Music in Cathedral, Church and Cloister", in: ''Early Music'' 28.2 (May 2000), p. 193.</ref> there was a considerable interchange between monastic settlements in Ireland and the rest of Europe that contributed to what is known as [[Gregorian chant]]. Outside religious establishments, musical genres in early Gaelic Ireland are referred to as a triad of weeping music (''goltraige''), laughing music (''geantraige'') and sleeping music (''suantraige'').<ref>Buckley, Ann: "Medieval Ireland, Music in", in: ''The Encyclopaedia of Music in Ireland'', ed. by [[Harry White (musicologist)|Harry White]] and Barra Boydell (Dublin: UCD Press, 2013), {{ISBN|978-1-906359-78-2}}, p. 659.</ref> Vocal and instrumental music (e.g. for the harp, pipes, and various [[string instrument]]s) was transmitted orally, but the [[Irish harp]], in particular, was of such significance that it became Ireland's national symbol. Classical music following European models first developed in urban areas, in establishments of Anglo-Irish rule such as [[Dublin Castle]], [[St Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin|St Patrick's Cathedral]] and [[Christ Church Cathedral, Dublin|Christ Church]] as well as the country houses of the Anglo-Irish ascendancy, with the first performance of [[George Frideric Handel|Handel]]'s ''[[Messiah (Handel)|Messiah]]'' (1742) being among the highlights of the baroque era. In the 19th century, public concerts provided access to classical music to all classes of society. Yet, for political and financial reasons Ireland has been too small to provide a living to many musicians, so the names of the better-known [[List of Irish classical composers|Irish composers]] of this time belong to emigrants.

Irish [[folk music|traditional music]] and dance have seen a surge in popularity and global coverage since the 1960s. In the middle years of the 20th century, as Irish society was modernising, traditional music had fallen out of favour, especially in urban areas.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Geraghty |first=Des |title=Luke Kelly: A Memoir |publisher=Basement Press |date=1994 |pages=26–30 |isbn=978-1-85594-090-1}}</ref> However during the 1960s, there was a revival of interest in Irish traditional music led by groups such as [[the Dubliners]], [[the Chieftains]], [[the Wolfe Tones]], the [[Clancy Brothers]], [[Sweeney's Men]] and individuals like {{lang|ga|[[Seán Ó Riada]]|italic=no}} and [[Christy Moore]]. Groups and musicians including [[Horslips]], [[Van Morrison]] and [[Thin Lizzy]] incorporated elements of Irish traditional music into contemporary rock music and, during the 1970s and 1980s, the distinction between traditional and rock musicians became blurred, with many individuals regularly crossing over between these styles of playing. This trend can be seen more recently in the work of artists like [[Enya]], [[the Saw Doctors]], [[the Corrs]], [[Sinéad O'Connor]], [[Clannad (musical group)|Clannad]], [[the Cranberries]] and [[the Pogues]] among others.

====Art====
{{Main|Art of Ireland|Architecture of Ireland}}

The earliest known Irish graphic art and sculpture are Neolithic carvings found at sites such as Newgrange<ref>{{Cite book |last1=O'Kelly |first1=Michael J. |last2=O'Kelly |first2=Claire |title=Newgrange: Archaeology Art and Legend |publisher=Thames and Hudson |date=1982 |location=London |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=elyEQgAACAAJ |isbn=978-0-500-27371-5 |access-date=28 April 2023 |archive-date=7 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207212956/https://books.google.com/books?id=elyEQgAACAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> and is traced through Bronze Age artefacts and the religious carvings and [[illuminated manuscripts]] of the medieval period. During the course of the 19th and 20th centuries, a strong tradition of painting emerged, including such figures as [[John Butler Yeats]], [[William Orpen]], [[Jack Yeats]] and [[Louis le Brocquy]]. Contemporary Irish visual artists of note include [[Sean Scully]], [[Kevin Abosch]], and [[Alice Maher]].

==== Drama and theatre ====
{{Main|Irish theatre}}
The Republic of Ireland's national theatre is the [[Abbey Theatre]], which was founded in 1904, and the national Irish-language theatre is {{lang|ga|[[An Taibhdhearc]]}}, which was established in 1928 in [[Galway]].<ref>{{cite web |date=2014 |title=Stair na Taibhdheirce |work=An Taibhdhearc |url=http://antaibhdhearc.com/theatre-info/fuinn/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529085526/http://antaibhdhearc.com/theatre-info/fuinn/ |archive-date=29 May 2014 |access-date=28 May 2014 |publisher={{lang|ga|An Taibhdheirce}}}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=An Taibhdhearc |url=http://www.fodors.com/world/europe/ireland/county-clare-galway-and-the-aran-islands |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141002060446/http://www.fodors.com/world/europe/ireland/county-clare-galway-and-the-aran-islands/ |archive-date=2 October 2014 |access-date=4 October 2014 |publisher=Fodor's}}</ref> Playwrights such as [[Seán O'Casey]], [[Brian Friel]], [[Sebastian Barry]], [[Conor McPherson]] and [[Billy Roche]] are internationally renowned.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Houston |first=Eugenie |url=https://archive.org/details/workinglivingini00euge/page/253 |title=Working and Living in Ireland |date=2001 |publisher=Working and Living Publications |isbn=978-0-9536896-8-2 |page=[https://archive.org/details/workinglivingini00euge/page/253 253]}}</ref>