Editing International Phonetic Alphabet (section)

=== Comparative degree ===
IPA diacritics may be doubled to indicate an extra degree (greater intensity) of the feature indicated.<ref name=K&L>{{harvnb|Kelly|Local|1989}}</ref> This is a productive process, but apart from extra-high and extra-low tones being marked by doubled high- and low-tone diacritics, {{angbr IPA|ə̋, ə̏}}, the major [[prosodic unit|prosodic break]] '''{{angbr IPA|‖}}''' being marked as a doubled minor break '''{{angbr IPA|{{!}}}}''', and a couple other instances, such usage is not enumerated by the IPA.

For example, the stress mark may be doubled (or even tripled, as may be the prosodic-break bar, '''{{angbr IPA|⦀}}'''<!-- eg Quilis and Fernández, 'Curso de fonética y fonología españolas para estudiantes'g -->) to indicate an extra degree of stress, such as prosodic stress in English.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bloomfield |first=Leonard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AdArAAAAMAAJ |title=Language |publisher=H. Holt |year=1933 |pages=91 |isbn=978-0-03-004885-2 |language=en |author-link=Leonard Bloomfield |access-date=1 June 2023 |archive-date=12 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230612140417/https://books.google.com/books?id=AdArAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live}}</ref> An example in French, with a single stress mark for normal prosodic stress at the end of each [[prosodic unit]] (marked as a minor prosodic break), and a double or even triple<!--Per the report of the Kiel Convention.--> stress mark for contrastive/emphatic stress: {{IPA|[ˈˈɑ̃ːˈtre '''{{!}}''' məˈsjø '''‖''' ˈˈvwala maˈdam '''‖''']}} ''{{lang|fr|Entrez monsieur, voilà madame}}.''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Passy |first=Paul |title=Conversations françaises en transcription phonétique |year=1958 |edition=2nd}}</ref> Similarly, a doubled secondary stress mark {{angbr IPA|ˌˌ}} is commonly used for tertiary (extra-light) stress, though a proposal to officially adopt this was rejected<!--again per the report of the kiel convention-->.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chao |first=Yuen Ren |title=Language and Symbolic Systems |date=1968 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-09457-3 |location=Cambridge |pages=xxiii}}</ref> In a similar vein, the effectively obsolete staveless tone letters were once doubled for an emphatic rising intonation {{angbr IPA|˶}} and an emphatic falling intonation {{angbr IPA|˵}}.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Barker |first=Geoffrey |title=Intonation Patterns in Tyrolean German: an Autosegmental-Metrical Analysis |publisher=Peter Lang Verlag |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-8204-6837-2 |series=Berkeley Insights in Linguistics and Semiotics |pages=11}}</ref>

[[Length (phonetics)|Length]] is commonly extended by repeating the length mark, which may be phonetic, as in {{IPA|[ĕ e eˑ eː eːˑ eːː]}} etc., as in English ''shhh!'' {{IPA|[ʃːːː]}}, or phonemic, as in the "overlong" segments of [[Estonian phonology|Estonian]]:
* ''vere'' {{IPA|/vere/}} 'blood [gen.sg.]', ''veere'' {{IPA|/veːre/}} 'edge [gen.sg.]', ''veere'' {{IPA|/veːːre/}} 'roll [imp. 2nd sg.]'
* ''lina'' {{IPA|/linɑ/}} 'sheet', ''linna'' {{IPA|/linːɑ/}} 'town [gen. sg.]', ''linna'' {{IPA|/linːːɑ/}} 'town [ill. sg.]'
(Normally additional phonemic degrees of length are handled by the extra-short or half-long diacritic, i.e. {{angbr IPA|e eˑ eː}} or {{angbr  IPA|ĕ e eː}}, but the first two words in each of the Estonian examples are analyzed as typically short and long, {{IPA|/e eː/}} and {{IPA|/n nː/}}, requiring a different remedy for the additional words.)

[[#Delimiters|Delimiters]] are similar: double slashes indicate extra phonemic (morpho-phonemic), double square brackets especially precise transcription, and double parentheses especially unintelligible.

Occasionally other diacritics are doubled:
* [[R-colored vowel|Rhoticity]] in [[Badaga language|Badaga]] {{IPA|/be/}} "mouth", {{IPA|/be˞/}} "bangle", and {{IPA|/be˞˞/}} "crop".<ref>{{harvnb|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|p=314}}</ref>
* Mild and strong [[Aspiration (phonetics)|aspiration]], {{IPA|[kʰ]}}, {{IPA|[kʰʰ]}}.{{NoteTag|Sometimes the obsolete transcription {{angbr IPA|kʻ}} (with a turned apostrophe) for weak aspiration vs. {{angbr IPA|kʰ}} for strong aspiration is still seen.}}<!-- Korean does not (primarily) contrast for degrees of aspiration, as the distinction is made mainly with a low tone following the weak stop and a high tone following the aspirated stop, for dialects (including Seoul) that aspirate prosodically initial stops. -->
* [[Nasal vowel|Nasalization]], as in [[Palantla Chinantec]] lightly nasalized {{IPA|/ẽ/}} vs heavily nasalized {{IPA|/ẽ̃/}},<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ladefoged |first=Peter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VqEXghQ-ow0C |title=Preliminaries to Linguistic Phonetics |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=1971 |isbn=978-0-226-46787-0 |pages=35 |access-date=24 June 2023 |archive-date=1 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230701181655/https://books.google.com/books?id=VqEXghQ-ow0C |url-status=live}}</ref> though some care can be needed to distinguish this from the [[extIPA]] diacritic for [[velopharyngeal frication]] in disordered speech, {{IPA|/e͌/}}, which has also been analyzed as extreme nasalization.
* Weak vs strong [[ejective]]s, {{IPA|[kʼ]}}, {{IPA|[kˮ]}}.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fallon |first=Paul D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=okRdAgAAQBAJ |title=The Synchronic and Diachronic Phonology of Ejectives |date=2013-12-16 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-71252-4 |pages=267 |language=en |access-date=24 June 2023 |archive-date=1 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230701181656/https://books.google.com/books?id=okRdAgAAQBAJ |url-status=live}}</ref>
* Especially lowered, e.g. {{IPA|[t̞̞]}} (or {{IPA|[t̞˕]}}, if the former symbol does not display properly) for {{IPA|/t/}} as a weak fricative in some pronunciations of ''register''.<ref>{{harvnb|Heselwood|2013|p= 233}}</ref>
* Especially retracted, e.g. {{IPA|[ø̠̠]}} or {{IPA|[s̠̠]}},{{Notetag|E.g. in {{harvnb|Laver|1994|pp=559–560}}}}<ref name=K&L /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=van der Voort |first=Hein |date=October 2005 |title=Kwaza in a Comparative Perspective |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/501245 |journal=International Journal of American Linguistics |volume=71 |issue=4 |pages=365–412 |doi=10.1086/501245 |s2cid=224808983 |issn=0020-7071 |access-date=3 June 2023 |archive-date=3 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603075311/https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/501245 |url-status=live}}</ref> though some care might be needed to distinguish this from indications of alveolar or alveolarized articulation in [[extIPA]], e.g. {{IPA|[s͇]}}.
* Especially guttural, e.g. {{IPA|[ɫ]}} (velarized l), {{IPA|[ꬸ]}} (pharyngealized l).<ref>Cynthia Shuken (1980) Instrumental investigation of some Scottish Gaelic consonants. University of Edinburgh.</ref><!--This is mentioned in 'further report on the 1989 Kiel convention', JIPA 20:2, p. 23.-->
* The transcription of [[strident vowel|strident]] and [[harsh voice]] as extra-creaky {{IPA|/a᷽/}} may be motivated by the similarities of these phonations.

The [[extIPA]] provides combining parentheses for weak intensity, which when combined with a doubled diacritic indicate an intermediate degree. For instance, increasing degrees of nasalization of the vowel {{IPA|[e]}} might be written {{angbr IPA|e ẽ᪻ ẽ ẽ̃᪻ ẽ̃}}.