Editing Infrared (section)

=== Biological systems ===

{{further|Infrared sensing in snakes}}
[[File:wiki snake eats mouse.jpg|thumb|Thermographic image of a snake eating a mouse]]
<!-- [[File:wiki bat.jpg|thumb|Thermographic image of a [[fruit bat]].]] -->
The [[pit viper]] has a pair of infrared sensory pits on its head. There is uncertainty regarding the exact thermal sensitivity of this biological infrared detection system.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jones |first=B.S. |last2=Lynn |first2=W.F. |last3=Stone |first3=M.O. |year=2001 |title=Thermal Modeling of Snake Infrared Reception: Evidence for Limited Detection Range |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1229918 |url-status=live |journal=Journal of Theoretical Biology |volume=209 |issue=2 |pages=201–211 |bibcode=2001JThBi.209..201J |doi=10.1006/jtbi.2000.2256 |pmid=11401462 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200317210006/https://zenodo.org/record/1229918 |archive-date=2020-03-17 |access-date=2019-09-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gorbunov |first=V. |last2=Fuchigami |first2=N. |last3=Stone |first3=M. |last4=Grace |first4=M. |last5=Tsukruk |first5=V. V. |year=2002 |title=Biological Thermal Detection: Micromechanical and Microthermal Properties of Biological Infrared Receptors |journal=Biomacromolecules |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=106–115 |doi=10.1021/bm015591f |pmid=11866562 |s2cid=21737304}}</ref>

Other organisms that have thermoreceptive organs are pythons (family [[Pythonidae]]), some boas (family [[Boidae]]), the [[Common Vampire Bat]] (''Desmodus rotundus''), a variety of [[jewel beetle]]s (''[[Melanophila acuminata]]''),<ref name="Evans">{{Cite journal |last=Evans |first=W.G. |year=1966 |title=Infrared receptors in ''Melanophila acuminata'' De Geer |journal=Nature |volume=202 |issue=4928 |page=211 |bibcode=1964Natur.202..211E |doi=10.1038/202211a0 |pmid=14156319 |s2cid=2553265 |doi-access=free}}</ref> darkly pigmented butterflies (''[[Pachliopta aristolochiae]]'' and ''[[Troides rhadamantus plateni]]''), and possibly blood-sucking bugs (''[[Triatoma infestans]]'').<ref name="Campbell-2002">{{Cite journal |last=Campbell |first=Angela L. |last2=Naik |first2=Rajesh R. |last3=Sowards |first3=Laura |last4=Stone |first4=Morley O. |year=2002 |title=Biological infrared imaging and sensing |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1260182 |url-status=live |journal=Micrometre |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=211–225 |doi=10.1016/S0968-4328(01)00010-5 |pmid=11567889 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200317150323/https://zenodo.org/record/1260182 |archive-date=2020-03-17 |access-date=2019-06-13}}</ref> By detecting the heat that their prey emits, [[crotaline]] and [[Booidea|boid snakes]] identify and capture their prey using their [[Infrared sensing in snakes|IR-sensitive pit organs]]. Comparably, IR-sensitive pits on the [[Common Vampire Bat]] (''Desmodus rotundus'') aid in the identification of blood-rich regions on its warm-blooded victim. The jewel beetle, ''[[Melanophila acuminata]]'', locates [[forest fires]] via infrared pit organs, where on recently burnt trees, they deposit their eggs. [[Thermoreceptors]] on the wings and antennae of butterflies with dark pigmentation, such ''[[Pachliopta aristolochiae]]'' and ''[[Troides rhadamantus plateni]]'', shield them from heat damage as they sunbathe in the sun. Additionally, it's hypothesised that thermoreceptors let bloodsucking bugs (''[[Triatoma infestans]]'') locate their [[warm-blooded]] victims by sensing their body heat.<ref name="Campbell-2002" />

Some fungi like ''[[Venturia inaequalis]]'' require near-infrared light for ejection.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Brook |first=P. J. |date=26 April 1969 |title=Stimulation of Ascospore Release in Venturia inaequalis by Far Red Light |journal=Nature |language=En |volume=222 |issue=5191 |pages=390–392 |bibcode=1969Natur.222..390B |doi=10.1038/222390a0 |issn=0028-0836 |s2cid=4293713}}</ref>

Although near-infrared vision (780–1,000&nbsp;nm) has long been deemed impossible due to noise in visual pigments,<ref name="Meuthen et al.">{{Cite journal |last=Meuthen |first=Denis |last2=Rick |first2=Ingolf P. |last3=Thünken |first3=Timo |last4=Baldauf |first4=Sebastian A. |year=2012 |title=Visual prey detection by near-infrared cues in a fish |journal=Naturwissenschaften |volume=99 |issue=12 |pages=1063–6 |bibcode=2012NW.....99.1063M |doi=10.1007/s00114-012-0980-7 |pmid=23086394 |s2cid=4512517}}</ref> sensation of near-infrared light was reported in the common carp and in three cichlid species.<ref name="Meuthen et al." /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Endo, M. |last2=Kobayashi R. |last3=Ariga, K. |last4=Yoshizaki, G. |last5=Takeuchi, T. |year=2002 |title=Postural control in tilapia under microgravity and the near infrared irradiated conditions |journal=Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi |volume=68 |issue=6 |pages=887–892 |doi=10.2331/suisan.68.887 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kobayashi R. |last2=Endo, M. |last3=Yoshizaki, G. |last4=Takeuchi, T. |year=2002 |title=Sensitivity of tilapia to infrared light measured using a rotating striped drum differs between two strains |journal=Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi |volume=68 |issue=5 |pages=646–651 |doi=10.2331/suisan.68.646 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Matsumoto |first=Taro |last2=Kawamura |first2=Gunzo |year=2005 |title=The eyes of the common carp and Nile tilapia are sensitive to near-infrared |journal=Fisheries Science |volume=71 |issue=2 |pages=350–355 |bibcode=2005FisSc..71..350M |doi=10.1111/j.1444-2906.2005.00971.x |s2cid=24556470}}</ref><ref name="Shcherbakov et al.">{{Cite journal |last=Shcherbakov |first=Denis |last2=Knörzer |first2=Alexandra |last3=Hilbig |first3=Reinhard |last4=Haas |first4=Ulrich |last5=Blum |first5=Martin |year=2012 |title=Near-infrared orientation of Mozambique tilapia ''Oreochromis mossambicus'' |journal=Zoology |volume=115 |issue=4 |pages=233–238 |bibcode=2012Zool..115..233S |doi=10.1016/j.zool.2012.01.005 |pmid=22770589}}</ref> Fish use NIR to capture prey<ref name="Meuthen et al." /> and for phototactic swimming orientation.<ref name="Shcherbakov et al." /> NIR sensation in fish may be relevant under poor lighting conditions during twilight<ref name="Meuthen et al." /> and in turbid surface waters.<ref name="Shcherbakov et al." />