Editing Hungary (section)

=== Religion ===
{{Main|Religion in Hungary}}
[[File:Főszékesegyház_(6238._számú_műemlék)_22.jpg|thumb|right|300px|[[Esztergom Basilica|Basilica in Esztergom]], where the headquarters of the [[Catholic Church in Hungary|Hungarian Catholic Church]] is located]]
Hungary is a historically [[Christianity|Christian]] country with a deep-rooted Christian heritage.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Alex Kish|first1=George|title=The Origins of the Baptist Movement Among the Hungarians: A History of the Baptists in the Kingdom of Hungary From 1846 to 1893|date=2011|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9789004211360|page=18|quote=}}</ref> Hungarian historiography identifies the foundation of the Hungarian state with Stephen I's [[baptism]] and coronation with the [[Holy Crown of Hungary|Holy Crown]] in A.D. 1000. Stephen promulgated [[Catholic Church|Catholicism]] as the [[state religion]], and his successors were traditionally known as the [[Apostolic Majesty|Apostolic Kings]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Schanda|first=Balász|year=2015|contribution=Religion and the Secular State in Hungary|editor-last=Thayer|editor-first=Donlu D.|title=Religion and the Secular State: National Reports|publisher=[[Complutense University of Madrid]], Faculty of Law|location=Madrid|isbn=9788484811626|pages=378|contribution-url=https://classic.iclrs.org/content/blurb/files/Hungary.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127200906/https://classic.iclrs.org/content/blurb/files/Hungary.pdf|archive-date=27 January 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Catholic Church in Hungary]] remained strong through the centuries, and the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Esztergom–Budapest|Archbishop of Esztergom]] was granted extraordinary temporal privileges as [[prince-primate]] (''hercegprímás'') of Hungary. The transition to statehood occurred at the turn of the 1st to 2nd millennium when the federation of Magyar tribes was transformed into the [[Kingdom of Hungary]], and [[Western Christianity]], specifically [[Roman Catholicism]], was adopted as [[state religion]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=N. Ciolan|first1=Ioan|title=Transylvania: Romanian History and Perpetuation|date=1993|publisher=Military Publishing House|isbn=9789733203162|page=41|quote=Catholicism in the Hungarian Kingdom was a state religion}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Hóman|first1=Bálint|title=King Stephen the Saint|date=1983|publisher=University of Wisconsin Press|isbn=9789733203162|page=18|quote=The Roman Catholic Church was placed under State protection, while the Catholic religion became the state religion of the Hungarian Kingdom}}</ref>

[[File:Benczúr - Painting of St Stephen in the Basilica of Budapest.jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[Stephen I of Hungary|King Saint Stephen]] offering the [[Holy Crown of Hungary|Hungarian crown]] to [[Mary, mother of Jesus|Virgin Mary]] – painting by Gyula Benczúr, in the [[St. Stephen's Basilica]], Budapest]]

Although contemporary Hungary has no [[State religion|official religion]] and recognises [[freedom of religion]] as a fundamental right, the constitution "recognises Christianity's nation-building role" in its preamble<ref>{{cite web|title=Magyarország Alaptörvénye|url=http://www.parlament.hu/irom39/02627/02627.pdf|website=Parlament.hu|publisher=Hungarian Parliament|access-date=2 August 2014}}</ref> and in Article VII affirms that "the state may cooperate with the churches for community goals".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Hungary_2011.pdf|title=Hungary's Constitution of 2011}}</ref> The 2022 census showed that 42.5% of the Hungarians were Christians, most of whom were [[Catholic Church in Hungary|Roman Catholics]] (''római katolikusok'') (27.5%) and [[Reformed Church in Hungary|Hungarian Reformed]] [[Calvinism|Calvinists]] (''reformátusok'') (9.8%), alongside [[Lutheranism|Lutherans]] (''evangélikusok'') (1.8%), [[Greek Catholic Church|Greek Catholics]] (1.7%), and other Christians (1.7%). [[Judaism|Jewish]] (0.1%), [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] (0.1%) and [[Islam]]ic (0.1%) communities are small minorities. 40.1% of the population did not declare a religious affiliation, while 16.1% declared themselves explicitly irreligious.<ref name="Census2022-religion"/>

During the initial stages of the Protestant [[Reformation]], most Hungarians adopted first Lutheranism and then Calvinism in the form of the Hungarian Reformed Church. Key figures in the Calvinist movement included [[Márton Kálmáncsehi]] (1500–1550) and [[Péter Melius Juhász]]. Melius Juhász played a pivotal role in translating the [[Bible]] and other religious texts into Hungarian, and he established Debrecen in the Great Plain as the heart of Hungarian Calvinism, earning it the titles "Hungarian [[Geneva]]" or the second "[[Calvinist Rome]]".<ref>{{cite book|last=Eberhard|first=Winfried|year=2018|orig-year=1995|contribution=Reformation and Counterreformation in East Central Europe|editor-last1=Brady|editor-first1=Thomas A.|editor-last2=Oberman|editor-first2=Heiko A.|editor-last3=Tracy|editor-first3=James D.|title=Handbook of European History 1400–1600: Late Middle Ages, Renaissance and Reformation|volume=II|publisher=Brill|location=Leiden|isbn=9789004391680|pages=565–568}}</ref> In the second half of the 16th century, the [[Society of Jesus|Jesuits]] led a [[Counter-Reformation]] campaign, and the population once again became predominantly Catholic. This campaign was only partially successful, however, and the (mainly Reformed) Hungarian nobility were able to secure freedom of worship for Protestants. In practice, this meant ''[[cuius regio, eius religio]]''; thus, most individual localities in Hungary are still identifiable as historically Catholic, Lutheran, or Reformed. The country's eastern regions, especially around Debrecen (the "Calvinist Rome"), remain almost completely Reformed,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reformatus.hu/mutat/6819/|title=Facts and Statistics|work=Reformatus.hu|date=4 March 2013|access-date=26 March 2013}}</ref> a trait they share with historically contiguous ethnically Hungarian regions across the Romanian border. [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox Christianity]] in Hungary is associated with the country's ethnic minorities: Armenians, Bulgarians, Greeks, Romanians, Rusyns, Ukrainians, and Serbs.

Historically, Hungary was home to a [[History of the Jews in Hungary|significant Jewish community]], with a pre-World War II population of more than 800,000; however, it is estimated that just over 564,000 Hungarian Jews were killed between 1941 and 1945 during the Holocaust in Hungary.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Braham|first1=Randolph L.|author-link1=Randolph L. Braham|title=The Politics of Genocide: The Holocaust in Hungary|volume=2|date=2016|publisher=Columbia University Press|location=New York|pages=1509|isbn=978-0880337113}}</ref> Between 15 May and 9 July 1944 alone, over 434,000 Jews were deported.{{sfn|Braham|2016|p=771, 774–775}} Of over 800,000 Jews living within Hungary's borders in 1941–1944, about 255,500 are thought to have survived. There are about 120,000 Jews in Hungary today.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jdc.org/news/features/jewish-life-takes-to-the.html|title=Jewish Life Takes to the Streets at Hungary's Celebrated Judafest|publisher=Jewish Federation of North America|date=9 May 2012|access-date=4 March 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016205357/http://www.jdc.org/news/features/jewish-life-takes-to-the.html|archive-date=16 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://digitaljournal.com/article/343168|title=Hungary: A new synagogue for Budapest but anti-Semitism on rise|publisher=Digital Journal|date=9 February 2013|access-date=4 March 2013|author=Myles, Robert|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130315122050/http://www.digitaljournal.com/article/343168|archive-date=15 March 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>