Editing Human body (section)

===History of physiology===
{{Main|History of physiology}}

The study of human physiology began with [[Hippocrates]] in Ancient Greece, around 420 BCE, and with [[Aristotle]] (384–322 BCE) who applied critical thinking and emphasis on the relationship between structure and function. [[Galen]] ({{Circa|126|199}}) was the first to use experiments to probe the body's functions.<ref>{{cite journal | first1=C. | last1=Fell | first2=F. | last2=Griffith Pearson| title=Thoracic Surgery Clinics: Historical Perspectives of Thoracic Anatomy | journal=Thorac Surg Clin |date=November 2007 | volume=17 | issue=4 | pages=443–448, v | doi=10.1016/j.thorsurg.2006.12.001| pmid=18271159 }}</ref> The term physiology was introduced by the French physician [[Jean Fernel]] (1497–1558). In the 17th century, [[William Harvey]] (1578–1657) described the [[circulatory system]], pioneering the combination of close observation with careful experiment.<ref>{{Cite journal | first=Carl | last=Zimmer | author-link=Carl Zimmer| title=Soul Made Flesh: The Discovery of the Brain – and How It Changed the World | journal=J Clin Invest | year=2004 | volume=114 | issue=5 | pages=604 | doi=10.1172/JCI22882| pmc=514597 }}</ref> In the 19th century, physiological knowledge began to accumulate at a rapid rate with the [[cell theory]] of [[Matthias Jakob Schleiden|Matthias Schleiden]] and [[Theodor Schwann]] in 1838, that organisms are made up of cells. [[Claude Bernard]] (1813–1878) created the concept of the ''[[Internal environment|milieu interieur]]'' (internal environment), which [[Walter Bradford Cannon|Walter Cannon]] (1871–1945) later said was regulated to a steady state in [[homeostasis]]. In the 20th century, the physiologists [[Knut Schmidt-Nielsen]] and [[George A. Bartholomew|George Bartholomew]] extended their studies to [[comparative physiology]] and [[ecophysiology]].<ref>{{Cite book| last=Feder | first=Martin E. | title=New directions in ecological physiology | year=1987 | publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] | location=New York | isbn=978-0-521-34938-3 }}</ref> Most recently, [[evolutionary physiology]] has become a distinct subdiscipline.<ref>{{Cite journal | first1=Theodore Jr. | last1=Garland | author1-link=Theodore Garland, Jr. | last2=Carter | first2=P. A. | title=Evolutionary physiology | journal=[[Annual Review of Physiology]] | year=1994 | issue=1 | pages=579–621 | url=http://www.biology.ucr.edu/people/faculty/Garland/GarlCa94.pdf | doi=10.1146/annurev.ph.56.030194.003051 | volume=56 | pmid=8010752 | access-date=20 November 2013 | archive-date=12 April 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412150229/https://biology.ucr.edu/people/faculty/Garland/GarlCa94.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref>