Editing History of Peru (section)

====Territorial disputes====
[[File:Intento de golpe de Estado en Perú de 1909.png|thumb|left|The [[Plaza Mayor, Lima|Main Square of Lima]] during the attempted coup of 1909.]]
[[Augusto B. Leguía]]'s first presidency took place during this period, during which he was faced with territorial disputes between all neighboring countries of Peru, of which only the Brazilian and [[Bolivian–Peruvian territorial dispute|Bolivian]] territorial disputes were solved on September 8 and [[Polo-Bustamante Treaty|17 September]], 1909, respectively. Skirmishes took place in 1910 with Ecuador and in 1911 with Colombia, the latter of which became known as the [[Battle of La Pedrera|La Pedrera conflict]]. Due to Chile's continuing [[Chilenization]] policies in Tacna and Arica, relations between both states were severed.

Leguía also had to face internal conflict, including an [[1909 Peruvian coup d'état attempt|attempted coup d'état]] in 1909, carried out by Nicolás de Piérola's brother Carlos with his children. Leguía separated from the Civilista Party, which split into two factions: those loyal to Pardo and those loyal to Leguía. In the last two years of his government, an acute economic crisis manifested itself, motivated by accelerated internal indebtedness, national defense expenses and the budget deficit.

[[Guillermo Billinghurst]] wanted to favor the working class, which earned him opposition from conservative elements. He had a tenacious struggle with Congress, dominated by ''civilistas'' and ''leguiistas'', his political enemies. It was then proposed to dissolve parliament and summon the people to carry out fundamental constitutional reforms, which provoked the military uprising of Colonel [[Óscar R. Benavides]], known as the ''hero of La Pedrera'', who overthrew Billinghurst on February 4, 1914.

After assuming control of the government, Benavides faced the monetary problem and promised to restore the legal order. In 1915 he convened a Convention of the civilist, liberal and constitutional parties, so that they could launch a unified candidacy. The chosen one was former president José Pardo y Barreda, of the Civilista Party, who overwhelmingly won the elections that year, defeating the symbolic candidacy of Carlos de Piérola, of the Democratic Party.

The second government of José Pardo was characterized by political and social violence, a symptom of the exhaustion of civil society and the world crisis. As a result of the [[First World War]], the economic condition of the working class worsened and the field was prepared for the development of trade union action. There were successive strikes that demanded the reduction of subsistence prices and the implementation of the "8-hour work" day; the latter was finally granted, by decree of January 15, 1919. In the southern Andes, the abuses of landowners and gamonales on the native and peasant population motivated many indigenous uprisings, such as the one led in 1915 by [[Teodomiro Gutiérrez Cuevas]], also known by his pseudonym ''Rumi Maqui''.

Pardo called for elections in 1919, in which former president Augusto B. Leguía ran, who faced the official candidacy represented by {{ill|Ántero Aspíllaga|es|Ántero Aspíllaga}}. The elections, which were not deemed very fair, declared Leguía the winner, but numerous votes were annulled in the official recount. Faced with the danger that the elections would be annulled and that they would be transferred to Congress, where the civilistas had a majority, Leguía and his supporters staged a coup, with the support of the gendarmerie, on July 4, 1919. Thus ended the "Aristocratic Republic" and began what would become Leguía's ''Oncenio''.