Editing History of Pakistan (section)

==Early Modern Period==
=== Mughal Empire ===
{{Main|Mughal Empire}}
{{Further|Mughal Architecture|Mughal clothing|Mughlai cuisine}}
{{multiple image
| align             = 
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| header            = [[Mughal Architecture]] in Pakistan
| total_width       = 400
| perrow            = 2
| image1            = Beautiful pavilion of Faiz Baksh terrace.jpg
| caption1          = [[Shalimar Gardens, Lahore|Shalimar Gardens]] at [[Lahore]]<ref name="LahoreFort">{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/171/|title=Fort and Shalamar Gardens in Lahore|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|language=en|access-date=13 December 2018}}</ref>
| image2            = Lahore Fort view from Baradari.jpg
| caption2          = The [[Alamgiri Gate]] of the [[Lahore Fort]] was built during the reign of [[Aurangzeb]].<ref name="LahoreFort"/>
| image3            = Dewan-e-Khas (Hall of Special Audience).JPG
| caption3          = [[Diwan-i-Khas]] at [[Lahore Fort]] was built during the reign of [[Shah Jahan]].
| image4            = Badshahi Mosque, Lahore I.jpg
| caption4          = The [[Badshahi Mosque]], built by Aurangzeb, is one of the [[List of mosques in Pakistan|largest mosques in Pakistan]].
| image5            = Wazir khan iwan.jpg
| caption5          = [[Wazir Khan Mosque]] at [[Lahore]], richly decorated with Mughal frescoes
| image6            = Main Entrance of Akbari Sarai.jpg
| caption6          = The [[Akbari Sarai]] features a monumental gateway that leads to the [[Tomb of Jahangir]].
}}

In 1526, [[Babur]], a [[Timurid Dynasty|Timurid]] descendant of [[Timur]] and [[Descent from Genghis Khan|Genghis Khan]] from [[Fergana Valley]] (modern-day [[Uzbekistan]]), swept across the [[Khyber Pass]] and founded the Mughal Empire, covering parts of modern-day eastern- Afghanistan, much of what is now Pakistan, parts of India and Bangladesh.<ref>
{{Cite web |url=https://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/islam/empires/mughals/ |title=The Islamic World to 1600: Rise of the Great Islamic Empires (The Mughal Empire) |access-date=22 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927121217/http://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/islam/empires/mughals/ |archive-date=27 September 2011 |url-status=dead}}
</ref> The Mughals were descended from Central Asian [[Turkic people|Turks]] (with significant [[Mongol]] admixture).

However, his son and successor [[Humayun]] was defeated by [[Sher Shah Suri]] of [[Sasaram]], in the year 1540, and Humayun was forced to retreat to [[Kabul]]. After Sher Shah died, his son [[Islam Shah Suri]] became the ruler, on whose death his prime minister, [[Hemu]] ascended the throne and ruled North India from Delhi for one month. He was defeated by Emperor [[Akbar]]'s forces in the [[Battle of Panipat (1556)|Second Battle of Panipat]] on 6 November 1556.

Akbar, was both a capable ruler and an early proponent of religious and ethnic tolerance and favoured an early form of [[multiculturalism]]. For example, he declared "Amari" or non-killing of animals in the holy days of Jainism and rolled back the ''[[jizya]]'' tax imposed upon non-Islamic mainly Hindu people. The Mughal dynasty ruled most of the South Asia by 1600. The Mughal emperors married local royalty and allied themselves with local ''[[maharajas]]''. Akbar was succeeded by [[Jahangir]] who was succeeded by [[Shah Jahan]]. Shah Jahan was replaced by Aurangzeb following the Mughal war of succession (1658–1659).

After the death of [[Aurangzeb]] in 1707, different regions of modern Pakistan and India began asserting independence. The empire went into a rapid decline and by about 1720 only really controlled a small region around Delhi.  The emperors continued have lip service paid to them as "Emperor of India" by the other powers in South Asia until the British finally abolished the empire in 1858.

For a short time in the late 16th century, [[Lahore]] was the capital of the empire. The architectural legacy of the Mughals includes the [[Lahore Fort]], [[Wazir Khan Mosque]], [[Shalimar Gardens (Lahore)|Shalimar Gardens]], [[Tomb of Jahangir]], [[Tomb of Nur Jahan]], [[Akbari Sarai]], [[Hiran Minar]], [[Shah Jahan Mosque, Thatta|Shah Jahan Mosque]] and the [[Badshahi Mosque]].<ref name="LahoreFort"/> The Mughal Empire had a great impact on the culture, cuisine, and architecture of Pakistan.

===Maratha Empire===
{{Main|Maratha Confederacy|}}

By early 18th century, the Mughal empire declined. In 1749, the Mughals were induced to cede [[Sindh Province|Sindh]], the [[Punjab region]] and the important trans [[Indus River]] to [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]] in order to save his capital from Afghan attack.<ref>Meredith L. Runion [https://books.google.com/books?id=aZk9XzqCFGUC&dq=ahmad+shah+durrani+1749+sindh+and+punjab&pg=PA69 ''The History of Afghanistan''] pp 69 Greenwood Publishing Group, 2007 {{ISBN|0313337985}}</ref> Ahmad Shah sacked Delhi in 1757 but permitted the Mughal dynasty to remain in nominal control of the city as long as the ruler acknowledged Ahmad Shah's suzerainty over Punjab, Sindh, and Kashmir. Leaving his second son [[Timur Shah Durrani|Timur Shah]] to safeguard his interests, Ahmad Shah left India to return to Afghanistan.

In 1751–52, ''Ahamdiya'' treaty was signed between the [[Maratha Empire|Marathas]] and [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]], when [[Balaji Bajirao]] was the [[Peshwa]].<ref name="Panipat">Patil, Vishwas. ''Panipat''.</ref> Through this treaty, the Marathas controlled whole of India from their capital at [[Pune]] and the Mughal rule was restricted only to Delhi (the Mughals remained the nominal heads of Delhi). Marathas were now straining to expand their area of control towards the Northwest of India. Ahmad Shah sacked the Mughal capital and withdrew with the booty he coveted. To counter the Afghans, Peshwa Balaji Bajirao sent [[Raghunathrao]]. He defeated the Rohillas and Afghan garrisons in Punjab and succeeded in ousting Timur Shah and his court from India and brought Lahore, Multan, Kashmir and other subahs on the Indian side of Attock under Maratha rule.<ref name=K.RoyIHB>{{cite book | last=Roy |first=Kaushik |title=India's Historic Battles: From Alexander the Great to Kargil |publisher=Permanent Black, India |pages=80–1 |isbn=978-81-7824-109-8|year=2004 }}</ref> Thus, upon his return to Kandahar in 1757, Ahmad was forced to return to India and face the Maratha Confederacy.
[[File:Bala_Hisar_Fort.jpg|thumb|The [[Bala Hissar, Peshawar|Bala Hissar]] fort in [[Peshawar]] was one of the royal residences of the Durrani kings.]]
In 1758, the [[Maratha Empire]]'s general [[Raghunath Rao]] attacked and conquered [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], frontier regions and [[Kashmir]] and drove out [[Timur Shah Durrani]], the son and viceroy of Ahmad Shah Abdali. In 1759, the Marathas and its allies won the Battle of Lahore, defeating the Durranis,<ref>Jacques, Tony. Dictionary of Battles and Sieges. Greenwood Press. p. 562. {{ISBN|978-0-313-33536-5}}.</ref><ref>"Marathas and the English Company 1707–1818 by Sanderson Beck". san.beck.org. Retrieved 10 April 2015.</ref> hence, [[Lahore]], [[Dera Ghazi Khan]], [[Multan]], [[Peshawar]], Kashmir, and other subahs on the south eastern side of Afghanistan's border fell under the Maratha rule.<ref>{{cite book|author=Jaswant Lal Mehta|title=Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707–1813|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d1wUgKKzawoC&pg=PA224|year=2005|publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd|isbn=978-1-932705-54-6|page=224}}</ref>

Ahmad Shah declared a [[jihad]] (or Islamic holy war) against the [[Maratha Empire|Marathas]], and warriors from various Afghan tribes joined his army. Early skirmishes were followed by decisive victory for the Afghans against the much larger Maratha garrisons in Northwest India and by 1759 Ahmad Shah and his army reached Lahore and were poised to confront the Marathas. By 1760, the Maratha groups had coalesced into a big enough army under the command of [[Sadashivrao Bhau]]. Once again, [[Panipat]] was the scene of a confrontation between two warring contenders for control of northern India. The Third Battle of Panipat (14 January 1761), fought between largely Muslim and largely Hindu armies was waged along a twelve-kilometer front. Although the Durrani's army decisively defeated the Marathas, they suffered heavily in the battle.

The victory at Panipat was the high point of Ahmad Shah's—and Afghan—power. However, even prior to his death, the empire began to face challenges in the form of a rising Sikhs in Punjab. In 1762, Ahmad Shah crossed the passes from Afghanistan for the sixth time to subdue the [[Sikh Empire|Sikhs]]. From this time and on, the domination and control of the Empire began to loosen, and by the time of Durrani's death he had completely lost Punjab to the Sikhs, as well as earlier losses of northern territories to the Uzbeks, necessitating a compromise with them.<ref>Meredith L. Runion [https://books.google.com/books?id=aZk9XzqCFGUC&pg=PA69 ''The History of Afghanistan''] pp 71 Greenwood Publishing Group, 2007 {{ISBN|0313337985}}</ref>

=== Sikh Empire ===
{{Main|Sikh Empire|History of Sikhism}}
[[File:Samadhi of Ranjit Singh 123.jpg|thumb|right|[[Samadhi of Ranjit Singh]], with the minaret of [[Badshahi Mosque]] in the background]]

[[Guru Nanak]] (29 November 1469 – 22 September 1539), [[Sikhism]]'s founder, was born into a [[Hindu]] [[Khatri]] family in the village of ''Rāi Bhōi dī Talwandī (''present day [[Nankana]], near [[Sial]] in modern-day Pakistan). He was an influential religious and social reformer in [[north India]] and the saintly founder of a modern [[Monotheism|monotheistic]] order and first of the ten divine [[Gurus]] of [[Sikhism|Sikh religion]]. At the age of 70, he died at [[Kartarpur, Pakistan|Kartarpur]], [[Punjab region|Punjab]] of modern-day Pakistan.

The [[Sikh Empire]] (1799–1849) was formed on the foundations of the [[Sikh Khalsa Army]] by [[Maharaja Ranjit Singh (Punjab)|Maharaja Ranjit Singh]] who was proclaimed "''Sarkar-i-Khalsa''", and was referred to as the "Maharaja of Lahore".<ref name="heath">{{cite book|last=Heath|first=Ian|author2=Michael Perry|title=The Sikh army 1799–1849|publisher=Osprey Publishing|year=2005|location=Oxford|page=3|isbn=978-1-84176-777-2}}</ref> It consisted of a collection of autonomous [[Punjabi people|Punjabi]] [[Misls]], which were governed by Misldars,<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition 1911, p. 892">{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Ranjit Singh |volume=22 |page=892}}</ref> mainly in the [[Punjab region]]. The empire extended from the [[Khyber Pass]] in the west, to [[Kashmir]] in the north, to [[Multan]] in the south and [[Kapurthala]] in the east. The main geographical footprint of the empire was the Punjab region. The formation of the empire was a watershed and represented formidable consolidation of Sikh military power and resurgence of local culture, which had been dominated for hundreds of years by Indo-Afghan and Indo-Mughal hybrid cultures.

The foundations of the Sikh Empire, during the time of the Sikh Khalsa Army, could be defined as early as 1707, starting from the death of [[Aurangzeb]]. The fall of the Mughal Empire provided opportunities for the Sikh army to lead expeditions against the [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]] and [[Pashtuns]]. This led to a growth of the army, which was split into different Sikh armies and then semi-independent "misls". Each of these component armies were known as a [[misl]], each controlling different areas and cities. However, in the period from 1762 to 1799, [[Sikh]] rulers of their misls appeared to be coming into their own. The formal start of the Sikh Empire began with the disbandment of the [[Sikh Khalsa Army]] by the time of coronation of [[Maharaja Ranjit Singh (Punjab)|Ranjit Singh]] in 1801, creating a unified political state. All the misl leaders who were affiliated with the Army were from Punjab's nobility.<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition 1911, p. 892"/>