Editing Hard disk drive (section)

== Competition from SSDs ==
[[File:SEAGATE 7200.9 160GB HDD+2230 256GB NVME SSD+SANDISK X400 256GB SSD.jpg|thumb|HDD and SSD]]
HDDs are being superseded by [[solid-state drive]]s (SSDs) in markets where the higher speed (up to 7 [[gigabyte]]s per second for [[M.2]] (NGFF) [[NVMe]] drives<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.corsair.com/ww/en/Categories/Products/Storage/M-2-SSDs/Force-Series%E2%84%A2-Gen-4-PCIe-NVMe-M-2-SSD/p/CSSD-F2000GBMP600|title=Force Series Gen.4 PCIe MP600 2TB NVMe M.2 SSD|website=www.corsair.com|access-date=2020-03-06}}</ref> and 2.5 [[gigabyte]]s per second for [[PCIe]] expansion card drives)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.storagereview.com/intel_optane_ssd_900p_series_review |title=Intel Optane SSD 900P Series Review |work=StorageReview.com |date=March 16, 2018 |access-date=February 20, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181231092754/https://www.storagereview.com/intel_optane_ssd_900p_series_review |archive-date=December 31, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>), ruggedness, and lower power of SSDs are more important than price, since the bit cost of SSDs is four to nine times higher than HDDs.<ref name= "blocks August2019"/><ref name="jcmit 2019" >{{cite web|url=https://jcmit.net/disk2015.htm|title=Disk Drive Storage Price Decreasing with Time (1955-2019) |date = November 2019 |access-date = November 25, 2019 |first= John C. |last= McCallum |website = jcmit.com }}</ref> {{As of|2016}}, HDDs are reported to have a failure rate of 2–9% per year, while SSDs have fewer failures: 1–3% per year.<ref name= "Google 2016"/> However, SSDs have more un-correctable data errors than HDDs.<ref name= "Google 2016" >{{cite web |url = https://www.usenix.org/system/files/conference/fast16/fast16-papers-schroeder.pdf |title = Flash Reliability in Production: The Expected and the Unexpected |first1= Bianca |last1= Schroeder |author1-link= Bianca Schroeder |first2= Raghav  |last2= Lagisetty  |first3= Arif |last3= Merchant |date = February 22, 2016 |access-date = November 25, 2019 }}</ref>

SSDs are available in larger capacities (up to 100&nbsp;TB)<ref name= "100TB 2018" >{{cite web|last=Alcorn |first=Paul |url=https://www.tomshardware.com/news/100tb-ssd-nimbus-sata-flash,36687.html |title=Need A 100TB SSD? Nimbus Data Has You Covered With The ExaDrive DC100 |work=Tomshardware.com |date=March 19, 2018 |access-date=February 20, 2019}}</ref> than the largest HDD, as well as higher storage densities (100&nbsp;TB and 30&nbsp;TB SSDs are housed in 2.5 inch HDD cases with the same height as a 3.5-inch HDD),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bgr.com/2018/02/20/samsung-30tb-ssd-release-date-specs-price/amp|title=You won't be able to afford Samsung's record-setting 30TB SSD|work=Bgr.com|date=February 20, 2018|access-date=February 20, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410173238/https://bgr.com/2018/02/20/samsung-30tb-ssd-release-date-specs-price/amp|archive-date=April 10, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Circuit Breaker|url=https://www.theverge.com/platform/amp/circuitbreaker/2018/2/20/17031256/worlds-largest-ssd-drive-samsung-30-terabyte-pm1643|title=Samsung unveils world's largest SSD with whopping 30TB of storage|work=The Verge|date=February 20, 2018|access-date=February 20, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190127210421/https://www.theverge.com/platform/amp/circuitbreaker/2018/2/20/17031256/worlds-largest-ssd-drive-samsung-30-terabyte-pm1643|archive-date=January 27, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://nimbusdata.com/products/exadrive-platform/advantages|title=Advantages|work=Nimbus Data|date=July 22, 2016 |access-date=February 20, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181231093052/https://nimbusdata.com/products/exadrive-platform/advantages|archive-date=December 31, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://nimbusdata.com/products/exadrive-platform/scalable-ssds|title=Scalable SSDs|work=Nimbus Data|date=July 22, 2016 |access-date=February 20, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181231143741/https://nimbusdata.com/products/exadrive-platform/scalable-ssds|archive-date=December 31, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.computerworld.com/article/3101165/data-storage/samsungs-massive-15tb-ssd-can-be-yours-for-about-10k.amp.html|title=Samsung's massive 15TB SSD can be yours - for about $10K|work=Computerworld|date=July 27, 2016|access-date=February 20, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181231092730/https://www.computerworld.com/article/3101165/data-storage/samsungs-massive-15tb-ssd-can-be-yours-for-about-10k.amp.html|archive-date=December 31, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> although such large SSDs are very expensive.

A laboratory demonstration of a 1.33&nbsp;Tb 3D NAND chip with 96 layers (NAND commonly used in [[solid-state drive]]s (SSDs)) had 5.5&nbsp;Tbit/in<sup>2</sup> {{as of|2019|lc=yes}}),<ref name= "EETimes_2019Feb" >{{cite web|url=https://www.eetimes.com/document.asp?doc_id=1334344#|title=Toshiba Claims Highest-Capacity NAND|last=McGrath|first=Dylan|date=February 20, 2019|access-date=November 24, 2019}}</ref> while the maximum areal density for HDDs is 1.5&nbsp;Tbit/in<sup>2</sup>. The areal density of flash memory is doubling every two years, similar to [[Moore's law]] (40% per year) and faster than the 10–20% per year for HDDs. In 2025, the maximum capacity was 36&nbsp;terabytes for a HDD,<ref name="Mearian_2015Dec">{{cite web|url=https://www.alphr.com/storage/1010285/seagate-reveals-world-s-largest-and-most-ludicrous-16tb-hdd|title=Seagate reveals world's largest, and most ludicrous 16TB HDD|last=Bedford|first=Tom|date=December 4, 2018|work=Alphr|access-date=December 24, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224074254/https://www.alphr.com/storage/1010285/seagate-reveals-world-s-largest-and-most-ludicrous-16tb-hdd|archive-date=December 24, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> and 100&nbsp;terabytes for an SSD.<ref name="Coughlin_2016Feb">{{cite web|url=https://www.anandtech.com/show/12541/unlimited-5-year-endurance-100-tb-ssd|title=Unlimited 5 Year Endurance: The 100TB SSD from Nimbus Data|last1=Shilov|first1=Anton|date=March 19, 2018|website=AnandTech|access-date=December 24, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224073911/https://www.anandtech.com/show/12541/unlimited-5-year-endurance-100-tb-ssd|archive-date=December 24, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> HDDs were used in 70% of the desktop and notebook computers produced in 2016, and SSDs were used in 30%.<ref name="Coughlin_2016June">{{cite magazine|title= 3D NAND Enables Larger Consumer SSDs|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/tomcoughlin/2016/06/07/3d-nand-enables-larger-consumer-ssds/#60d25bea579b|magazine=forbes.com|first1=Tom|last1=Coughlin|date=June 7, 2016|access-date=July 4, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160616092553/http://www.forbes.com/sites/tomcoughlin/2016/06/07/3d-nand-enables-larger-consumer-ssds/#60d25bea579b|archive-date=June 16, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2025 HDDs are not found in laptops, if not very rarely, and most desktops come with an SSD only, though some still are configured with an SSD and HDD, or rarely with an HDD only.{{citation needed|date=April 2025}}

The market for silicon-based flash memory (NAND) chips, used in SSDs and other applications, is growing faster than for HDDs. Worldwide NAND revenue grew 16% per year from $22 billion to $57 billion during 2011–2017, while production grew 45% per year from 19 exabytes to 175 exabytes.<ref name="IBM Fontana 2018" >{{cite web |url=https://storageconference.us/2018/Presentations/Fontana.pdf |title= A Ten Year (2008-2017) Storage Landscape LTO Tape Media, HDD, NAND |first1= Gary M. |last1= Decad |author2= Robert E. Fontana Jr. |date= May 15, 2018 |access-date= November 23, 2019 }}</ref>