Editing Great white shark (section)

====California====
In addition to existing federal regulations, great white sharks have been protected under California state law since January 1st, 1994.<ref name="CDFW FAQ">{{cite web|title=White Shark FAQ|date=3 June 2024|website=California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW)|url=https://wildlife.ca.gov/Conservation/Marine/White-Shark#542632337-is-it-legal-to-catch-white-sharks|url-status=live|access-date=3 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240803191715/https://wildlife.ca.gov/Conservation/Marine/White-Shark#542632337-is-it-legal-to-catch-white-sharks|archive-date=3 August 2024}}</ref> Under this law, catching, hunting, pursuit, capturing, and/or killing of great whites in California waters is strictly prohibited up to {{cvt|3|miles|km}} offshore,<ref name="CDFW SAAG">{{cite web|title=White Shark: Species-at-a-Glance|website=California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW)|url=https://marinespecies.wildlife.ca.gov/white-shark/|url-status=live|access-date=3 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240803192955/https://marinespecies.wildlife.ca.gov/white-shark/|archive-date=3 August 2024}}</ref><ref name="MontereyHerald2018">{{cite news|author=San Jose Mercury News|title=Great white sharks off the coast of California are safer, at least for now|date=11 September 2018|work=Monterey Herald|url=https://www.montereyherald.com/2013/02/06/great-white-sharks-off-the-coast-of-california-are-safer-at-least-for-now/|url-status=live|access-date=3 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240803193836/https://www.montereyherald.com/2013/02/06/great-white-sharks-off-the-coast-of-california-are-safer-at-least-for-now/|archive-date=3 August 2024}}</ref> though exceptions exist for great whites caught for scientific research or unintentionally caught as [[bycatch]]. In both cases, a special permit is required in order to legally take them.<ref name="Quan2013">{{cite magazine|last1=Quan|first1=Kristene A.|title=Great White Sharks Are Now Protected under California Law|date=4 March 2013|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|TIME]]|url=https://newsfeed.time.com/2013/03/04/great-white-sharks-are-now-protected-under-california-law/|url-status=live|access-date=3 August 2024|archive-date=10 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130310031957/http://newsfeed.time.com/2013/03/04/great-white-sharks-are-now-protected-under-california-law/}}</ref>

In 2013, great white sharks were added to [[California Endangered Species Act|California's Endangered Species Act]]. From data collected, the population of great whites in the North Pacific was estimated to be fewer than 340 individuals. Research also reveals these sharks are genetically distinct from other members of their species elsewhere in Africa, Australia, and the east coast of North America, having been isolated from other populations.<ref name="Quan2013"/>

A 2014 study estimated the population of great white sharks along the California coastline to be approximately 2,400.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Williams |first1=Lauren |title=Shark numbers not tanking |work=Huntington Beach Wave |publisher=[[The Orange County Register]] |date=3 July 2014 |page=12}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Burgess |first1=George H. |last2=Bruce |first2=Barry D. |last3=Cailliet |first3=Gregor M. |last4=Goldman |first4=Kenneth J. |last5=Grubbs |first5=R. Dean |last6=Lowe |first6=Christopher J. |last7=MacNeil |first7=M. Aaron |last8=Mollet |first8=Henry F. |last9=Weng |first9=Kevin C.|last10=O'Sullivan|first10=John B. |title=A Re-Evaluation of the Size of the White Shark (''Carcharodon carcharias'') Population off California, USA |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0098078 |pmid=24932483 |pmc=4059630 |journal=[[PLoS ONE]] |date=16 June 2014 |volume=9 |issue=6 |pages=e98078 |bibcode=2014PLoSO...998078B|doi-access=free}}</ref>

In September 2019, California governor [[Gavin Newsom]] signed Assembly Bill 2109 into law, banning the use of shark bait, shark lures, and [[chumming]] to attract great whites in California waters, and prohibiting their usage within one [[nautical mile]] of any shoreline, pier, or jetty when a great white is visible or known to be present in the area.<ref name="CDFW2022">{{cite news|title=California Assembly Bill 2109 Provides New Protections For White Sharks|date=30 September 2022|website=California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW)|
url=https://wildlife.ca.gov/News/Archive/california-assembly-bill-2109-signed-into-law-providing-new-protections-for-white-sharks|url-status=live|access-date=3 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240803190236/https://wildlife.ca.gov/News/Archive/california-assembly-bill-2109-signed-into-law-providing-new-protections-for-white-sharks|archive-date=3 August 2024}}</ref><ref name="Cohen2023">{{cite web|last1=Cohen|first1=Ariana|title=New California law makes it illegal to fish for Great White Sharks|date=6 January 2023|work=[[KFMB-TV]]|publisher=[[CBS]]|url=https://www.cbs8.com/article/news/local/california-law-illegal-to-fish-for-great-white-sharks/509-b7f5bc2c-6c88-47a8-9f20-ae7b2c8054f2|url-status=live|access-date=3 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240803190640/https://www.cbs8.com/article/news/local/california-law-illegal-to-fish-for-great-white-sharks/509-b7f5bc2c-6c88-47a8-9f20-ae7b2c8054f2|archive-date=3 August 2024}}</ref>