Editing Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (section)

=== In France ===
It has become commonplace to identify "French Hegel" with the lectures of [[Alexandre Kojève]], who emphasized the [[Lord–bondsman dialectic|master–servant]] [''Herrschaft und Knechtschaft''] dialectic (which he mistranslated as master-slave [''maître et l'esclave'']) and Hegel's philosophy of history. This perspective, however, overlooks over sixty years of French writing on Hegel, according to which Hegelianism was identified with the "system" presented in the ''Encyclopedia''.{{sfn|Baugh|2003|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=k-nZXykvXzsC&pg=PA1&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false 1], [https://books.google.com/books?id=k-nZXykvXzsC&pg=PA9&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false 9–10]}} The later reading, drawing instead upon the ''Phenomenology of Spirit'', was in many ways a reaction against the earlier. After 1945, "this 'dramatic' Hegelianism, which centered on the theme of historical becoming through conflict, [came] to be seen as compatible with existentialism and Marxism."{{sfn|Baugh|2003|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=k-nZXykvXzsC&pg=PA9&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false 9]}}

By confining the dialectic to history, the dominant French readings of [[Jean Wahl]], [[Alexandre Kojève]], and [[Jean Hyppolite]] effectively presented Hegel as providing "a philosophical anthropology instead of a general metaphysics."{{sfn|Baugh|2003|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=k-nZXykvXzsC&pg=PA17&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false 17]}} This reading took the topic of ''desire'' as its focal point of intervention.{{sfn|Butler|1987|p=xxvi}} A major theme was that "a reason that seeks to be all-inclusive falsifies reality by suppressing or repressing its 'other.{{' "}}{{sfn|Baugh|2003|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=k-nZXykvXzsC&pg=PA12&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false 12]}} Although it cannot be attributed entirely to Kojève, this reading of Hegel shaped the thought and interpretations of thinkers such as [[Jean-Paul Sartre]], [[Maurice Merleau-Ponty]], [[Claude Lévi-Strauss]], [[Jacques Lacan]], and [[Georges Bataille]].{{sfn|Baugh|2003|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=k-nZXykvXzsC&pg=PA1&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false 1]}}

Kojève's interpretation of the "master–slave dialectic" as the basic model of historical development also influenced the feminism of [[Simone de Beauvoir]] and the anti-racist and anti-colonial work of [[Frantz Fanon]].{{sfn|Fritzman|2014|pp=148–49}}