Editing Gender identity (section)

====Hijras====
{{Main|Hijra (South Asia)}}

''Hijras'' are officially recognized as [[third gender]] in the Indian subcontinent,<ref>{{cite book |veditors=Shaw SM, Barbour NS, Duncan P, Freehling-Burton K, Nichols J |title=Women's Lives around the World: A Global Encyclopedia [4 volumes] |date=2017 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-61069-712-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jgRCDwAAQBAJ&pg=RA2-PA87 |access-date=19 December 2021 |archive-date=19 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211219135849/https://books.google.com/books?id=jgRCDwAAQBAJ&pg=RA2-PA87 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |vauthors=Bevan TE |title=Being Transgender: What You Should Know |date=2016 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9781440845253 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uMJHDQAAQBAJ&q=hijra%20third%20gender&pg=PA70 |page=70 |access-date=19 December 2021 |archive-date=19 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211219135853/https://books.google.com/books?id=uMJHDQAAQBAJ&q=hijra%20third%20gender&pg=PA70 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|vauthors=Pasquesoone V|date=9 April 2014|url=http://mic.com/articles/87149/7-countries-giving-transgender-people-fundamental-rights-the-u-s-still-won-t|title=7 Countries Giving Transgender People Fundamental Rights the U.S. Still Won't|work=mic.com|access-date=17 June 2016|archive-date=3 March 2015|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150303002515/http://mic.com/articles/87149/7-countries-giving-transgender-people-fundamental-rights-the-u-s-still-won-t|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://pandeia.eu/region/inter/hijras-and-bangladesh-the-creation-of-a-third-gender/ |title=Hijras and Bangladesh: The creation of a third gender|date=2 December 2013|work=pandeia.eu|access-date=17 June 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160705033013/http://pandeia.eu/region/inter/hijras-and-bangladesh-the-creation-of-a-third-gender/ |archive-date=5 July 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> being considered neither completely male nor female. Hijras have a recorded history in the Indian subcontinent since antiquity, as suggested by the [[Kama Sutra]]. Many hijras live in well-defined and organised all-hijra communities, led by a [[guru]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Nanda S | title = The hijras of India: cultural and individual dimensions of an institutionalized third gender role | journal = Journal of Homosexuality | volume = 11 | issue = 3–4 | pages = 35–54 | date = 1985 | pmid = 4093603 | doi = 10.1300/J082v11n03_03 | author-link = Serena Nanda | quote = The most significant relationship in the hijra community is that of the ''guru'' (master, teacher) and ''chela'' (disciple). }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |vauthors=Cohen L |veditors=Abramson PR, Pinkerton SD |title=Sexual Nature/Sexual Culture |date=1995 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-00182-1 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yl7gQ18B93cC |chapter=The Pleasures of Castration: the postoperative status of hijras, jankhas and academics |quote=Hijras are organized into households with a hijra guru as head, into territories delimiting where each household can dance and demand money from merchants |access-date=19 December 2021 |archive-date=19 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211219135854/https://books.google.com/books?id=yl7gQ18B93cC |url-status=live }}</ref> These communities have consisted over generations of those who are in abject poverty or who have been rejected by or fled their family of origin.<ref name = "Nanda_1999">{{cite book |vauthors=Nanda S |title=Neither Man Nor Woman: The Hijras of India |date=1999 |publisher=Wadsworth Publishing Company |isbn=978-0-534-50903-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K1sbAAAAYAAJ&q=0534509037 |page=116 |quote=None of the hijra narratives I recorded supports the widespread belief in India that hijras recruit their membership by making successful claims on intersex infants. Instead, it appears that most hijras join the community in their youth, either out of a desire to more fully express their feminine gender identity, under the pressure of poverty, because of ill-treatment by parents and peers for feminine behavior, after a period of homosexual prostitution or for a combination of these reasons. |access-date=19 December 2021 |archive-date=19 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211219135851/https://books.google.com/books?id=K1sbAAAAYAAJ&q=0534509037 |url-status=live }}</ref> Many work as [[prostitution|sex workers]] for survival.<ref name="Nanda_1996">{{cite book |vauthors=Nanda S |veditors=Herdt GH |title=Third sex, third gender: beyond sexual dimorphism in culture and history |date=1996 |publisher=Zone Books |isbn=978-0-942299-82-3 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dlI91F_FHSYC |chapter=Hijras: An Alternative Sex and Gender Role in India |access-date=19 December 2021 |archive-date=11 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220311164833/https://books.google.com/books?id=dlI91F_FHSYC |url-status=live }}</ref>

The word "hijra" is a [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] word.<ref>{{cite book |vauthors=Reddy G |title=With Respect to Sex: Negotiating Hijra Identity in South India |date=2010 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-70754-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SyqTnL9jTFoC&q=Criminal%20Tribes%20Act&pg=PA26 |page=243 |quote=By and large, the Hindi/Urdu term ''hijra'' is used more often in the north of the country, whereas the Telugu term ''kojja'' is more specific to the state of Andhra Pradesh, of which Hyderabad is the capital. |access-date=19 December 2021 |archive-date=19 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211219135854/https://books.google.com/books?id=SyqTnL9jTFoC&q=Criminal%20Tribes%20Act&pg=PA26 |url-status=live }}</ref> It has traditionally been translated into English as "eunuch" or "[[hermaphrodite]]", where "the irregularity of the male genitalia is central to the definition".<ref name = "Nanda_1999" /> However, in general hijras are born male, only a few having been born with intersex variations.<ref>{{cite book |vauthors=Nanda S |veditors=Freilich M, Raybeck D, Savishinsky JS |title=Deviance: Anthropological Perspectives |date=1991 |publisher=Bergin & Garvey |isbn=978-0-89789-204-9 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q0BE1WOXVD8C |chapter=chpt. 7. Deviant careers: the hijras of India |quote=Among thirty of my informants, only one appeared to have been born intersexed. |access-date=19 December 2021 |archive-date=19 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211219135850/https://books.google.com/books?id=Q0BE1WOXVD8C |url-status=live }}</ref> Some hijras undergo an initiation rite into the hijra community called nirvaan, which involves the [[Emasculation|removal of the penis, scrotum, and testicles]].<ref name="Nanda_1996" />