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== Bibliography == === External history === {{refbegin}} * {{cite book|last=Budge |first=E. A. Wallis |author-link=E. A. Wallis Budge| year=1928 |title=A History of Ethiopia: Nubia and Abyssinia |location=Oosterhour, the Netherlands |publisher=Anthropological Publications |doi=10.4324/9781315762722 |isbn=978-1-315-76272-2 }} (republished 1970) * {{cite book|last=Chain |first=M. |article=Ethiopia |year=1909 |title=The Catholic Encyclopedia |volume=V |location=New York |publisher=Robert Appleton Company |chapter-url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05566a.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070206102731/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05566a.htm |archive-date=2007-02-06}} * {{cite book|last=Stuart |first=Munro-Hay |authorlink=Stuart Munro-Hay |year=1991 |title=Aksum: An African Civilization of Late Antiquity |location=Edinburgh |publisher=University Press |isbn=978-0-7486-0106-6 |url=https://www.livingston.org/cms/lib4/NJ01000562/Centricity/Domain/602/aksum.pdf}} * {{cite book|last=Pankhurst |first=Richard K. P. |year=1968 |title=An Economic History of Ethiopia, 1800–1935 |location=Addis Ababa |publisher=Haile Selassie I University Press}} * {{cite web |url=http://www.addistribune.com/Archives/2003/11/14-11-03/Glimpse.htm |title=Abba 'Enbaqom, Imam Ahmad Ibn Ibrahim, and the "Conquest of Abyssinia" |last=Pankhurst |first=Richard K. P.|date=2003-11-14 |website=Addis Tribune |access-date=2022-12-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071209144227/http://www.addistribune.com/Archives/2003/11/14-11-03/Glimpse.htm |archive-date=2007-12-09}} * {{cite web |url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/5987-falashas |title=Falashas |last1=Perruchon |first1=J. D. |last2=Gottheil |first2=Richard |date=1901–1906 |website=The Jewish Encyclopedia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180814213600/http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/5987-falashas |archive-date=2018-08-14}} {{refend}} === Phonology and grammar === {{refbegin|30em}} * [[Marius Chaîne|Chaîne, Marius]], ''Grammaire éthiopienne''. Beyrouth ([[Beirut]]): Imprimerie catholique 1907, 1938 (Nouvelle édition). ([https://archive.org/details/grammairethiop00chauoft electronic version] at the Internet Archive) * {{cite journal|last=Cohen |first=Marcel |author-link=Marcel Cohen |date=1921 |title=la pronunciation traditionelle du Guèze (éthiopien classique) |journal=Journal Asiatique |volume=11 |issue=18 }} ([http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k932990 electronic version] on the [[Gallica]] digital library of the [[Bibliothèque nationale de France]], [[PDF]]) * {{cite book|last=Dillmann|first=August|author-link=August Dillmann|year=1899|title=Grammatik der äthiopischen Sprache|edition=2nd|location=Leipzig|publisher=B. Tauchnitz}} * [[August Dillmann|Dillmann, August]]; [[Carl Bezold|Bezold, Carl]], ''Ethiopic Grammar'', 2nd edition translated from German by James Crichton, London 1907. {{ISBN|978-1-59244-145-7}} (2003 reprint). (Published in German: ¹1857, ²1899). ([https://archive.org/details/EthiopicethiopianLanguageGrammarByAugustDillmann Online version] at the [[Internet Archive]]) * {{cite book|last=Gragg|first=Gene|year=1997a|article=Ge‘ez Phonology|title=Phonologies of Asia and Africa|volume=1|editor-last=Kaye|editor-first=Alan|location=Winona Lake, Indiana|publisher=Eisenbrauns|isbn=1-57506-017-5|pages=169–186}} * {{cite book|last=Gragg|first=Gene|year=1997b|article=Ge‘ez (Ethiopic)|title=The Semitic Languages|editor-last=Hetzron|editor-first=Robert|location=London & New York|publisher=Routledge|isbn=0-415-05767-1|pages=242–260}} * {{cite book|last=Gragg|first=Gene|year=2008|editor-last=Woodard|editor-first=Roger|chapter=Ge‘ez|title=The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the World's Ancient Languages|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo|isbn=978-0-521-56256-0}} * Kidanä Wäld Kəfle, ''Maṣḥafa sawāsəw wagəss wamazgaba ḳālāt ḥaddis'' ("A new grammar and dictionary"), Dire Dawa: Artistik Matämiya Bet 1955/6 (E.C. 1948). * {{cite book|last=Lambdin |first=Thomas |author-link=Thomas Oden Lambdin |year=1978 |title=Introduction to Classical Ethiopic |publisher=Scholars Press |location=Missoula |series=Harvard Semitic Studies |volume=24 |isbn=978-0-89130-263-6 }} * Mercer, Samuel Alfred Browne, "Ethiopic grammar: with chrestomathy and glossary" 1920 ([https://archive.org/details/ethiopicgrammarw00merc Online version] at the [[Internet Archive]]) * {{cite book|last=Mittwoch|first=Eugen|year=1926|title=Die traditionelle Aussprache des äthiopischen|series=Abessinische Studien|volume=1|location=Berlin & Leipzig|publisher=Walter de Gruyter & Co}} * Praetorius, Franz, ''Äthiopische Grammatik'', Karlsruhe: Reuther 1886. * Prochazka, Stephan, ''Altäthiopische Studiengrammatik'', Orbis Biblicus Et Orientalis – Subsidia Linguistica (OBO SL) 2, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht Verlag 2005. {{ISBN|978-3-525-26409-6}}. * Tropper, Josef, ''Altäthiopisch: Grammatik der Geʽez mit Übungstexten und Glossar'', Elementa Linguarum Orientis (ELO) 2, Münster: Ugarit-Verlag 2002. {{ISBN|978-3-934628-29-8}} * {{cite book|last1=Tropper|first1=Josef|translator-last1=Hasselbach-Andee|translator-first1=Rebecca|year=2021|title=Classical Ethiopic: A Grammar of Gǝˁǝz|location=University Park|publisher=The Pennsylvania State University Press|isbn=978-1-57506-841-1}} * Weninger, Stefan, ''Geʽez grammar'', Munich: LINCOM Europa, {{ISBN|978-3-929075-04-5}} (1st edition, 1993), {{ISBN|978-3-89586-604-3}} (2nd revised edition, 1999). * Weninger, Stefan, ''Das Verbalsystem des Altäthiopischen: Eine Untersuchung seiner Verwendung und Funktion unter Berücksichtigung des Interferenzproblems'', Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz 2001. {{ISBN|978-3-447-04484-4}}. * Zerezghi Haile, Learn Basic Geez Grammar (2015) for Tigrinya readers available at: https://uwontario.academia.edu/WedGdmhra {{refend}} === Literature === {{refbegin}} * Adera, Taddesse, Ali Jimale Ahmed (eds.), ''Silence Is Not Golden: A Critical Anthology of Ethiopian Literature'', Red Sea Press (1995), {{ISBN|978-0-932415-47-9}}. * Bonk, Jon, ''Annotated and Classified Bibliography of English Literature Pertaining to the Ethiopian Orthodox Church'', Atla Bibliography Series, Scarecrow Pr (1984), {{ISBN|978-0-8108-1710-4}}. * Charles, Robert Henry, ''The Ethiopic version of the book of Enoch''. Oxford 1906. ([https://archive.org/details/ethiopicversiono00charuoft Online version] at the [[Internet Archive]]) * [[August Dillmann|Dillmann, August]], ''Chrestomathia Aethiopica''. Leipzig 1866. ([https://archive.org/details/chrestomathiaaet00dilluoft Online version] at the Internet Archive) * Dillmann, August, ''Octateuchus Aethiopicus''. Leipzig 1853. ([http://www.tau.ac.il/~hacohen/Biblia.html The first eight books of the Bible in Geʽez. Online version]) * Dillmann, August, ''Anthologia Aethiopica, Herausgegeben und mit einem Nachwort versehen von Ernst Hammerschmidt''. Hildesheim: Olms Verlag 1988, {{ISBN|978-3-487-07943-1}} . * The Royal Chronicles of [[Zara Yaqob]] and [[Baeda Maryam of Ethiopia|Baeda Maryam]] – French translation and edition of the Geʽez text Paris 1893 ([https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5498437b/f13.image.r=Les%20chroniques%20de%20Zara%20Yaqob electronic version] in Gallica digital library of the Bibliothèque nationale de France) * Ethiopic [[recension]] of the Chronicle of John of Nikiû – Paris 1883 ([https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k108650z.texteImage electronic version]) in Gallica {{refend}} === Dictionaries === {{refbegin}} * [[August Dillmann|Dillmann, August]], ''Lexicon linguæ Æthiopicæ cum indice Latino'', Lipsiae 1865. ([https://archive.org/details/lexiconlinguaeae00dilluoft Online version] at the [[Internet Archive]]; [https://betamasaheft.eu/Dillmann/ digitized and searchable] at the Beta Maṣāḥəft project) * {{cite book|last=Leslau |first=Wolf |author-link=Wolf Leslau |year=1987 |title=Comparative Dictionary of Ge'ez (Classical Ethiopic): Geez—English, English—Geez, with an Index of the Semitic Roots |location=Wiesbaden |publisher=Harrassowitz |isbn=978-3-447-02592-8}} * {{cite book|last=Leslau |first=Wolf |author-link=Wolf Leslau |year=1989 |title=Concise Dictionary of Ge'ez (Classical Ethiopic) |location=Wiesbaden |publisher=Harrassowitz |isbn=978-3-447-02873-8}} {{refend}}
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