Editing Fusion power (section)

===== Electrostatic confinement =====
[[Inertial electrostatic confinement|Electrostatic confinement fusion]] devices use electrostatic fields. The best known is the [[fusor]]. This device has a cathode inside an anode wire cage. Positive ions fly towards the negative inner cage, and are heated by the electric field in the process. If they miss the inner cage they can collide and fuse. Ions typically hit the cathode, however, creating prohibitory high [[conduction (heat)|conduction]] losses. Fusion rates in [[fusor]]s are low because of competing physical effects, such as energy loss in the form of light radiation.<ref name="Thorson1996">{{cite book|first=Timothy A. |last=Thorson|title=Ion flow and fusion reactivity characterization of a spherically convergent ion focus|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=k6zVAAAAMAAJ}}|year=1996|publisher=University of Wisconsin, Madison}}</ref> Designs have been proposed to avoid the problems associated with the cage, by generating the field using a non-neutral cloud. These include a plasma oscillating device,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Barnes|first1=D. C.|last2=Nebel|first2=R. A.|date=July 1998|title=Stable, thermal equilibrium, large-amplitude, spherical plasma oscillations in electrostatic confinement devices|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.872933|journal=Physics of Plasmas|volume=5|issue=7|pages=2498–2503|doi=10.1063/1.872933|bibcode=1998PhPl....5.2498B|issn=1070-664X}}</ref> a magnetically shielded-grid,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Hedditch|first1=John|last2=Bowden-Reid|first2=Richard|last3=Khachan|first3=Joe|date=October 2015|title=Fusion in a magnetically-shielded-grid inertial electrostatic confinement device|journal=Physics of Plasmas|volume=22|issue=10|pages=102705|doi=10.1063/1.4933213|issn=1070-664X|arxiv=1510.01788|bibcode=2015PhPl...22j2705H }}</ref> a [[penning trap]], the [[polywell]],<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Carr | first1 = M. | last2 = Khachan | first2 = J. | year = 2013 | title = A biased probe analysis of potential well formation in an electron only, low beta Polywell magnetic field | url = https://zenodo.org/record/1244056| journal = Physics of Plasmas | volume = 20 | issue = 5| page = 052504 | doi = 10.1063/1.4804279 | bibcode = 2013PhPl...20e2504C }}</ref> and the F1 cathode driver concept.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Sieckand|first1=Paul|url=https://arpa-e.energy.gov/sites/default/files/3_VOLBERG.pdf|title=Fusion One Corporation|last2=Volberg|first2=Randall|publisher=Fusion One Corporation|year=2017}}</ref>