Editing Fertilizer (section)

=====Cadmium=====
The concentration of [[cadmium]] in phosphorus-containing fertilizers varies considerably and can be problematic.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=McLaughlin|first1=M. J.|last2=Tiller|first2=K. G. |last3= Naidu |first3= R.|last4=Stevens|first4=D. P.|title=Review: the behaviour and environmental impact of contaminants in fertilizers|journal=Soil Research|date=1996|volume=34|issue=1 |pages=1–54 |doi= 10.1071/sr9960001|bibcode=1996SoilR..34....1M }}</ref> For example, mono-ammonium phosphate fertilizer may have a cadmium content of as low as 0.14&nbsp;mg/kg or as high as 50.9&nbsp;mg/kg.<ref name=Lugon2014>{{cite journal |last1= Lugon-Moulin |first1= N. |last2= Ryan|first2=L.|last3=Donini|first3=P.|last4=Rossi|first4=L.|title=Cadmium content of phosphate fertilizers used for tobacco production|journal=Agron. Sustain. Dev. |date= 2006 |volume= 26 |issue= 3 |pages= 151–155|url=http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/88/63/51/PDF/hal-00886351.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/88/63/51/PDF/hal-00886351.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|access-date=27 June 2014|doi=10.1051/agro:2006010|s2cid=13996565 }}</ref> The phosphate rock used in their manufacture can contain as much as 188&nbsp;mg/kg cadmium<ref name=Zapata2004>{{cite web|last1=Zapata|first1=F.|last2=Roy|first2=R.N.|title=Use of Phosphate Rocks for Sustainable Agriculture: Secondary nutrients, micronutrients, liming effect and hazardous elements associated with phosphate rock use|url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/007/y5053e/y5053e0d.htm|website=fao.org|publisher=FAO|access-date=27 June 2014 |date=2004}}</ref> (examples are deposits on [[Nauru]]<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Syers JK, Mackay AD, Brown MW, Currie CD |title=Chemical and physical characteristics of phosphate rock materials of varying reactivity |journal= J Sci Food Agric |year=1986 |volume=37 |pages=1057–1064 | doi = 10.1002/jsfa.2740371102 |issue=11|bibcode=1986JSFA...37.1057S }}</ref> and the [[Christmas Island]]s<ref>{{cite journal |author= Trueman NA |title= The phosphate, volcanic and carbonate rocks of Christmas Island (Indian Ocean) |journal=J Geol Soc Aust |year=1965 |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=261–286 |doi= 10.1080/00167616508728596 |bibcode = 1965AuJES..12..261T }}</ref>). Continuous use of high-cadmium fertilizer can contaminate soil (as shown in New Zealand)<ref name=taylor>{{cite journal | author=Taylor MD | title=Accumulation of Cadmium derived from fertilizers in New Zealand soils |journal=Science of the Total Environment |year=1997 |volume=208 | issue=1–2 |pages=123–126 | doi= 10.1016/S0048-9697(97)00273-8 |bibcode= 1997ScTEn.208..123T | pmid=9496656 }}</ref> and [[Phytotoxicity|plants]].<ref name=Chaney2012>{{cite book|last1=Chaney|first1=R.L.|chapter=Food safety issues for mineral and organic fertilizers |title=Advances in Agronomy|date=2012|volume=117|pages=51–99|publisher=Elsevier |doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-394278-4.00002-7|isbn=9780123942784}}</ref> Limits to the cadmium content of phosphate fertilizers has been considered by the [[European Commission]].<ref name=Oosterhuis2000>{{cite web|last1=Oosterhuis|first1=F.H.|last2=Brouwer|first2=F.M.|last3=Wijnants|first3=H.J.|title=A possible EU wide charge on cadmium in phosphate fertilisers: Economic and environmental implications.|url=http://ec.europa.eu/environment/enveco/taxation/pdf/cadium.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://ec.europa.eu/environment/enveco/taxation/pdf/cadium.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|website=dare.ubvu.vu.nl|access-date=27 June 2014|date=2000}}</ref><ref name=FertilizersEurope2014>{{cite web |last1=|title=Putting all the cards on the table|url=http://www.fertilizerseurope.com/fileadmin/user_upload/news_assets/FI-458-decadmiation__3_.pdf|publisher=fertilizerseurope.com|access-date=|date=2014|work = Fertilizers International |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808082824/http://www.fertilizerseurope.com/fileadmin/user_upload/news_assets/FI-458-decadmiation__3_.pdf|archive-date=8 August 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=Wates2014>{{cite web|last1=Wates|first1=J.|title=Revision of the EU fertilizer regulation and cadmium content of fertilisers|url=http://www.iatp.org/documents/revision-of-the-eu-fertilizer-regulation-and-cadmium-content-of-fertilisers |website=iatp.org|access-date=27 June 2014|date=2014}}</ref> Producers of phosphorus-containing fertilizers now select phosphate rock based on the cadmium content.<ref name=UllmannEnv>Wilfried Werner "Fertilizers, 6. Environmental Aspects" ''Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry'', 2002, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim.{{doi |10.1002/14356007.n10_n05}}</ref>