Editing Escherichia coli (section)

==== MDS42 ====
From 2002 to 2010, a team at the Hungarian Academy of Science created a strain of ''Escherichia coli'' called MDS42, which is now sold by Scarab Genomics of Madison, WI under the name of "Clean Genome ''E. coli''",<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.scarabgenomics.com/ |title=Scarab Genomics LLC. Company web site.}}</ref> where 15% of the genome of the parental strain (''E. coli'' K-12 MG1655) were removed to aid in molecular biology efficiency, removing [[IS elements]], [[pseudogene]]s and [[phages]], resulting in better maintenance of plasmid-encoded toxic genes, which are often inactivated by transposons.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors = Umenhoffer K, Fehér T, Balikó G, Ayaydin F, Pósfai J, Blattner FR, Pósfai G |title = Reduced evolvability of ''Escherichia coli'' MDS42, an IS-less cellular chassis for molecular and synthetic biology applications | journal = Microbial Cell Factories | volume = 9 | pages = 38 | date = May 2010 | pmid = 20492662 | pmc = 2891674 | doi = 10.1186/1475-2859-9-38 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Pósfai G, Plunkett G, Fehér T, Frisch D, Keil GM, Umenhoffer K, Kolisnychenko V, Stahl B, Sharma SS, de Arruda M, Burland V, Harcum SW, Blattner FR | s2cid = 43287314 | display-authors = 6 | title = Emergent properties of reduced-genome Escherichia coli | journal = Science | volume = 312 | issue = 5776 | pages = 1044–46 | date = May 2006 | pmid = 16645050 | doi = 10.1126/science.1126439 | bibcode = 2006Sci...312.1044P }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kolisnychenko V, Plunkett G, Herring CD, Fehér T, Pósfai J, Blattner FR, Pósfai G | title = Engineering a reduced Escherichia coli genome | journal = Genome Research | volume = 12 | issue = 4 | pages = 640–47 | date = April 2002 | pmid = 11932248 | pmc = 187512 | doi = 10.1101/gr.217202 }}</ref> Biochemistry and replication machinery were not altered.

By evaluating the possible combination of [[Nanotechnology|nanotechnologies]] with [[landscape ecology]], complex habitat landscapes can be generated with details at the nanoscale.<ref name="pmid17090676">{{cite journal | vauthors = Keymer JE, Galajda P, Muldoon C, Park S, Austin RH | title = Bacterial metapopulations in nanofabricated landscapes | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 103 | issue = 46 | pages = 17290–95 | date = November 2006 | pmid = 17090676 | pmc = 1635019 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0607971103 | bibcode = 2006PNAS..10317290K | doi-access = free }}</ref> On such [[synthetic ecosystems]], evolutionary experiments with ''E. coli'' have been performed to study the spatial biophysics of adaptation in an [[island biogeography]] on-chip.

In other studies, non-pathogenic ''E. coli'' has been used as a model microorganism towards understanding the effects of simulated microgravity (on Earth) on the same.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Tirumalai MR, Karouia F, Tran Q, Stepanov VG, Bruce RJ, Ott M, Pierson DL, Fox GE| title = The adaptation of ''Escherichia coli'' cells grown in simulated microgravity for an extended period is both phenotypic and genomic.| journal = npj Microgravity | volume =3 |issue= 15| date = May 2017 | page = 15| pmid = 28649637 | pmc = 5460176 | doi = 10.1038/s41526-017-0020-1}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Tirumalai MR, Karouia F, Tran Q, Stepanov VG, Bruce RJ, Ott M, Pierson DL, Fox GE| title = Evaluation of acquired antibiotic resistance in ''Escherichia coli'' exposed to long-term low-shear modeled microgravity and background antibiotic exposure| journal = mBio | volume =10 |issue= e02637-18| date = January 2019 | pmid = 30647159 | pmc = 6336426  | doi = 10.1128/mBio.02637-18}}</ref>