Editing Economy of Egypt (section)

=== Industrial sector ===
==== Chemical products ====
[[File:Edfu 23.JPG|thumb|An industrial complex near [[Edfu]].]]
The chemical industry in Egypt is one of the country’s largest, comprising seven key subsectors: plastics, rubber, paper, detergents, paints, miscellaneous chemicals, fertilizers, and glass. The petrochemical segment alone accounts for approximately 12% of Egypt's industrial output.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.investinegypt.gov.eg/english/pages/exploremap.aspx?secId=105 | title=Investment Map of Egypt | publisher=Invest in Egypt | access-date=27 February 2025 }}</ref>

The sector is forecast to generate $9 billion in exports by the end of 2024, with growth supported by abundant raw materials and foreign investments. The government aims to enhance competitiveness by focusing on infrastructure, technological advancements, and export incentives. The sector also benefits from Egypt’s participation in regional trade agreements, helping to further expand its export market and strengthen its global position.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.arabfinance.com/News/newdetails/14935 | title=Chemical Industry: Transforming Egypt’s Economy | publisher=Arab Finance | access-date=27 February 2025 }}</ref>

Abu Qir Fertilizers Company is one of Egypt and the [[MENA]] region's largest nitrogen fertilizer producers, accounting for nearly 50% of Egypt's nitrogen fertilizer output. Established in 1976, its first ammonia-urea production facility is located in Abu Qir, 20 kilometers east of Alexandria. Egypt Basic Industries Corporation (EBIC) is also a leading ammonia producer in the country.<ref name="Viktorov 2021 k485">{{cite web | last=Viktorov | first=Andrey | title=Abu Qir Fertilizers plans to revamp one of its urea plants | website=Fertilizer Daily | date=April 27, 2021 | url=https://www.fertilizerdaily.com/20210428-abu-qir-fertilizers-plan-to-reavamp-one-of-its-urea-plants/ | access-date=January 6, 2024}}</ref>

==== Consumer electronics and home appliances ====
Egypt's consumer electronics and home appliance industry has witnessed significant expansion, driven by government initiatives and foreign investments. The "Egypt Makes Electronics" initiative, launched in 2015, aims to localize manufacturing, reduce imports, and boost exports. It has attracted major players like [[Samsung]], [[Hisense]], [[Beko]], and [[Haier]], who have established production facilities in Egypt, benefiting from tax incentives and golden licenses. The country’s strategic location, competitive labor costs, and growing consumer market have positioned it as a key regional manufacturing and export hub.<ref name=electronics>{{cite web |title=Where we stand on Egypt’s plans to localize electronics manufacturing |url=https://enterprise.press/industries/where-we-stand-on-egypts-plans-to-localize-electronics-manufacturing/ |website=Enterprise |access-date=27 February 2025}}</ref><ref name=appliances>{{cite web |title=International investment heats up Egypt’s home appliances sector |url=https://enterprise.news/egypt/en/news/story/38b5c5b6-12da-4675-8d04-d24da127f663/international-investment-heats-up-egypt%25e2%2580%2599s-home-appliances-sector |website=Enterprise |access-date=27 February 2025}}</ref>

The home appliance industry, valued at EGP 126.7 billion in 2021, is seeing increased localization, with some manufacturers already sourcing 70% of components domestically. The mobile phone segment has also expanded, with brands like [[Vivo (technology company)|Vivo]], [[Infinix]], and [[Oppo]] setting up local factories. However, challenges persist, particularly in accessing raw materials, navigating bureaucratic hurdles, and securing timely export subsidies. The easing of foreign currency restrictions and policy adjustments have alleviated some constraints, fostering a more favorable investment climate.<ref name=electronics/><ref name=appliances/> [[Electrolux]], which entered the Egyptian market by acquiring local Olympic Group, also aims to expand its market share and boost exports, capitalizing on the strong local presence of its brands, particularly [[Zanussi]] and Olympic Electric.<ref>{{cite news |title=Electrolux Group decides to retain its business in Egypt with plans to drive growth and exports |url=https://www.zawya.com/en/press-release/companies-news/electrolux-group-decides-to-retain-its-business-in-egypt-with-plans-to-drive-growth-and-exports-mrsk6nm0 |publisher=Zawya |date=2025-02-25 |access-date=2025-02-27}}</ref>

Despite challenges, Egypt’s electronics and home appliance sector continues to grow, with international investors increasingly viewing it as a reliable manufacturing base. Rising local production has reduced import dependency while creating jobs and strengthening supply chains. If current trends continue, with improvements in raw material availability and regulatory efficiency, Egypt could solidify its role as a leading producer and exporter in the region’s electronics and home appliance market.<ref name=electronics/><ref name=appliances/>

==== Gold ====
[[File:Marsa Alam - Red Sea.jpg|thumb|Sukari gold mine]]
Gold mining in Egypt's [[Red Sea Governorate|Red Sea region]] has developed into a fast-growing industry, driven by vast untapped reserves. In an effort to establish a modern mining sector, the Egyptian government launched its first international bid round, awarding mineral concessions to attract investment. This marked a significant shift in policy, encouraging private sector participation in a historically state-dominated industry. Among the early participants were [[AngloGold Ashanti]] and [[Alexander Nubia International]], both of which reported promising technical results in their exploration efforts.<ref>{{cite news|last=Mariaan|first=Webb|title=AngloGold and JV partner to accelerate exploration in Egypt|url=http://www.miningweekly.com/article/anglogold-and-jv-partner-to-accelerate-exploration-in-egypt-2011-04-20|access-date=7 September 2012|newspaper=Mining Weekly|date=20 April 2011|archive-date=28 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111228033911/http://www.miningweekly.com/article/anglogold-and-jv-partner-to-accelerate-exploration-in-egypt-2011-04-20|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Balashov|first=Sergei|title=Northland says Alexander Nubia's Hamama project has significant potential|url=http://www.proactiveinvestors.com/companies/news/30758/northland-says-alexander-nubias-hamama-project-has-significant-potential-30758.html|access-date=7 September 2012|newspaper=Proactive Investors|date=20 June 2012}}</ref>

The [[Sukari mine]], located in the Sukari Hills near [[Marsa Alam]], became Egypt’s first large-scale modern gold production facility. The government granted a concession to [[Centamin]] in 2005, awarding the company an exploitation lease covering 160 square kilometers. Sukari quickly became Egypt’s largest gold mining operation, representing a turning point in the country’s efforts to commercialize its gold resources.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businesstodayegypt.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=7689|first=Tom|last=Gara|date=October 2007|title=The Great Egyptian Gold Rush|work=Business Today Egypt|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071211221850/http://www.businesstodayegypt.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=7689|archive-date=11 December 2007}}</ref>

Egypt has launched a sweeping modernization drive to raise the mining sector’s GDP contribution to 5–6% by 2030. Reforms include transforming the Mineral Resources Authority into an economic entity, removing bureaucratic hurdles, and introducing new investment models for gold extraction, all intended to attract investment and align regulations with global standards.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.miningmagazine.com/africa/news-analysis/4401327/egypt-goes-gold | title=Egypt Goes Gold: Mining Sector Reforms | publisher=Mining Magazine | date=22 February 2024 | access-date=28 February 2025 }}</ref> As part of this effort, a Digital Mining Platform is set to launch in early 2025 to boost transparency, streamline licensing, and enhance investor engagement through digital tools.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.miningmagazine.com/africa/news-analysis/4401327/egypt-goes-gold | title=Egypt Goes Gold: Mining Sector Reforms | publisher=Mining Magazine | date=22 February 2024 | access-date=28 February 2025 }}</ref>

These reforms have driven a surge in gold exports, which nearly doubled to $2.17 billion in the first nine months of 2024, up from $1.11 billion during the same period in 2023. With continued government backing, Egypt aims to rank among the world’s top 10 gold exporters by 2027.<ref name=gold-xin>{{cite news | url=https://english.news.cn/20241217/f6a7cbe3c21d4d99893d6572e10c5f8e/c.html | title=Egypt’s Gold Industry Sees Strong Growth in Exports | publisher=Xinhua | date=17 December 2024 | access-date=28 February 2025 }}</ref>

==== Iron and steel ====
Egypt's iron and steel industry has played a crucial role in the nation's economic development, with a history dating back to 1936. Over the decades, the sector has expanded through state-owned enterprises and private firms, becoming a key driver of industrial growth and employment. In 2022, Egypt emerged as Africa’s leading steel producer, second-largest in [[MENA]] and [[List of countries by steel production|20th]] globally, with an output of 9.8 million tons.<ref name=steel>{{Cite web |title=Egypt’s steel: a flourishing industry with future potential |url=https://www.zawya.com/en/economy/north-africa/egypts-steel-a-flourishing-industry-with-future-potential-cmlch9kw |access-date=2025-02-27 |website=Zawya}}</ref> [[EZDK]] is the largest steel company in Egypt and the Middle East, today part of Ezz Industries. It owns four steel plants in [[Alexandria]], [[Sadat (city)|Sadat]], [[Suez]] and [[10th of Ramadan (city)|10th of Ramadan]]. It was ranked 77th on the list of the world's largest steel companies by the World Steel Association in 2020, with a production of 4.57&nbsp;million tons.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top Producers |url=https://worldsteel.org/steel-by-topic/statistics/top-producers/ |access-date=2022-04-12 |website=worldsteel.org |language=en-US}}</ref> 

In 2023 exports of reinforced steel surged more than threefold, reaching 1.54 million tons compared to 523,000 tons in the previous year. At the same time, crude steel production grew by 6% to 10.4 million tons, supported by increased exports, particularly in [[Rolling (metalworking)|hot-rolled coil]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Egypt's Steel Exports Surge Threefold, Signaling Resilience Amidst Industry Challenges|url=https://www.businesstodayegypt.com/Article/1/4445/Egypt-s-Steel-Exports-Surge-Threefold-Signaling-Resilience-Amidst-Industry|access-date=2025-02-27 |website=Business Today Egypt}}</ref> 

Domestic consumption of steel products has steadily increased, reflecting the industry's importance to infrastructure and construction projects. However, the sector faces challenges, including outdated production technologies and competition from lower-cost imports, particularly from [[Turkey]], [[China]], and [[Ukraine]]. The government has implemented policies to support the industry, including trade protections and incentives to attract investment. Forecasts indicate a steady growth rate of 1.5% annually over the next decade, driven by Egypt’s expanding infrastructure projects and strategic geographic position as a trade hub.<ref name=steel/>

==== Motor vehicles====
{{See also|Automotive industry in Egypt}}
[[File:MCV C127 EV, Busworld Europe 2023, Brussels (P1140238).jpg|thumb|right|The fully electric [[Manufacturing Commercial Vehicles|MCV]] C127 EV, made in Egypt for the German market]]
[[El Nasr Automotive Manufacturing Company]], Egypt’s state-owned automaker, was established in 1960 in [[Helwan]] and began operations in 1962, producing vehicles under license from brands such as [[Zastava Automobili]], [[Daimler AG]], [[Kia Motors|Kia]], and [[Peugeot]].<ref name="Arab British Trade Directory 2018-2019">Arab British Trade Directory 2018-2019 https://issuu.com/bls-media/docs/arab-british_trade_directory_2017-1/79{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} 31 July 2018</ref> The company resumed production in 2024 after a 15-year hiatus, beginning with electric buses in partnership with China’s [[Yutong]].<ref name=nasr-relaunch>{{cite news |title=Al-Nasr automotive factory relaunches to revive Egypt's car industry |url=https://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/50/1201/535559/AlAhram-Weekly/Egypt/AlNasr-automotive-factory-relaunches-to-revive-Egy.aspx |work=Al-Ahram Weekly |date=24 February 2025 |access-date=22 April 2025}}</ref> It markets three bus models under its own brand: Nasr Green,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://nasr.eg/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%86%D8%B5%D8%B1-%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%87-%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AC-%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%B2-%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B9%D9%89-%D9%85%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%81-NASR-GREEN.pdf |title=NASR GREEN Specifications |publisher=Al-Nasr Automotive Company |date=March 2025 |access-date=17 April 2025}}</ref> Nasr Sky,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://nasr.eg/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%86%D8%B5%D8%B1NASR-SKY-%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%89-%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88-2.pdf |title=NASR SKY Specifications |publisher=Al-Nasr Automotive Company |date=March 2025 |access-date=17 April 2025}}</ref> and Nasr Star.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://nasr.eg/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/NASR-N30-Midi-Bus-Tech.-Specs-NASR-STAR.pdf |title=NASR STAR Specifications |publisher=Al-Nasr Automotive Company |date=March 2025 |access-date=17 April 2025}}</ref> The company plans to reintroduce passenger cars by the end of 2025, targeting an annual output of 20,000 vehicles.<ref name=nasr-relaunch/>

Other major manufacturers include Arab American Vehicles, Egy-Tech Engineering, [[Ghabbour Group]], WAMCO, and [[Manufacturing Commercial Vehicles|MCV]], which has represented [[Mercedes-Benz]] since 1994 and operates a factory in [[El Salheya]] employing around 2,500 workers.<ref>[http://www.mcv-eg.com/mcv/Factory.html ''Factory''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150613144914/http://www.mcv-eg.com/MCV/Factory.html |date=13 June 2015 }} MCV-Website. Retrieved 18. October 2015</ref>

Egypt’s 2024–2030 automotive strategy aims to boost annual production to 400,000–500,000 vehicles, with 25% for export, targeting $4 billion in revenue. Local firms like Ezz Elarab Group and [[El Sewedy Electric]] have partnered with Indonesia’s [[Proton Holdings]], while [[Nissan|Nissan Motor Egypt]] plans to add new models. Chinese automaker Exeed, in partnership with Egyptian-German Automotive, has also begun local assembly in [[6th of October City]].<ref name=auto>{{cite web | url=https://english.ahram.org.eg/News/537157.aspx | title=All eyes on the car industry | publisher=Ahram Online | date=18 December 2024 | access-date=27 February 2025 }}</ref>

A key component of the strategy is launching electric vehicle production in 2025 through partnerships with international firms. This includes integrating EVs into public transport via e-taxis and initiating trial production at [[El Nasr Automotive Manufacturing Company|Nasr Auto]]. Broader plans involve establishing automotive hubs and enhancing local component manufacturing to support both domestic and export growth.<ref name=auto/>

==== Personal care and pharmaceutical products ====

Established in 1939 with the founding of the Misr Company for Pharmaceutical Industries, Egypt's pharmaceutical sector is one of the nation's oldest strategic industries. Over the past two decades, the market has expanded fivefold, and as the healthcare system modernizes, the industry is expected to continue its growth trajectory, attracting multinational pharmaceutical companies focused on emerging markets.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pharmaceuticals |url=https://www.crowe.com/eg/industries/pharmaceuticals |website=Crowe Egypt |access-date=1 March 2025 }}</ref>

Egypt has the largest pharmaceutical market in Africa, with an estimated value of $56.6 billion. The country plays a crucial role in global pharmaceutical supply chains, recording exports worth $400 million, underscoring the sector’s significance to the national economy. Despite this strong presence, Egypt’s pharmaceutical industry remains heavily import-dependent, with approximately 90% of the raw materials used in production sourced from abroad. Given the industry's relatively high level of complexity, there are substantial opportunities for Egypt to enhance its economic complexity by developing domestic pharmaceutical manufacturing and reducing reliance on imports.<ref>{{cite web |title=EGYPTIAN PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY INVESTMENT ROUNDTABLE AND CLINICS|url=https://www.afdb.org/sites/default/files/documents/pharmaceutical_industry_investment_roundtable_cn_d.pdf|website=African Development Bank |access-date=1 March 2025 }}</ref>

The number of pharmaceutical factories increased from 130 in 2015 to 170 in 2023, marking a 30.8% rise. Similarly, production lines expanded by 40%, growing from 500 in 2015 to 700 in 2022. In this period Egypt went from being the world's 47th largest pharmaceutical producer in 2015 to 29th in 2023.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pharmaceutical industries |url=https://arab-digital-economy.org/language/en/10220 |website=Arab Federation for Digital Economy |date=10 July 2024 |access-date=1 March 2025 }}</ref>

The Egyptian [[Personal care products|beauty and personal care]] market has experienced significant growth, driven in part by a series of currency devaluations that have increased consumer preference for locally produced goods.<ref>{{cite web |title=Egypt Beauty & Cosmetics Market Overview |url=https://egybeautyafrica.com/about-market/ |website=Egypt Beauty Africa |access-date=1 March 2025 }}</ref>  In 2025, the sector is expected to generate $7.6 billion in revenue,<ref>{{cite web |title=Beauty & Personal Care Market in Egypt |url=https://www.statista.com/outlook/cmo/beauty-personal-care/egypt |website=Statista |access-date=1 March 2025 }}</ref> with a projected [[compound annual growth rate]] of approximately 8.1% between 2024 and 2030. This positions Egypt as a key player in Africa’s expanding beauty industry, which is expected to reach nearly $70 billion in revenue by 2025.<ref>{{cite web |title=Beauty & Personal Care Market in Africa |url=https://www.statista.com/outlook/cmo/beauty-personal-care/africa |website=Statista |access-date=1 March 2025 }}</ref>

==== Textiles and clothing ====
[[File:Womans.jpg|thumb|Egyptian women working at a factory making medical clothes]]
The textile industry is a key component of Egypt’s economy, accounting for approximately 12% of the country's export earnings and 3.4% of its gross national product as of 2023. It employs around 2.5 million people and includes one of the largest and most productive cotton and textile clusters in Africa. The entire production process, from cotton cultivation to finished garments, occurs domestically, with cotton comprising roughly 75% of natural fibre use. Egypt is internationally known for its extra-long staple cotton varieties, particularly Giza cotton, derived from [[Gossypium barbadense]].<ref name=egbd-textiles>{{cite web |title=The textile industry of Egypt |url=https://www.egypt-business.com/paper/details/2303-the-textile-industry-of-egypt/425541 |website=Egypt Business Directory |date=23 January 2023 |access-date=22 April 2025}}</ref>

Egypt's apparel market was valued at approximately $17.04 billion in 2023, with women’s apparel comprising the largest segment at $7.58 billion. The market is projected to grow at an annual rate of 5.53% through 2028. Between 2014 and 2021, 6,740 textile companies were established, with issued capital totaling EGP 10.5 billion.<ref name=sewedy-textiles>{{cite web |title=Textile Sector in Egypt – Dec 2023 |url=https://elsewedydevelopment.com/case-studies/textile-sector-in-egypt-dec-2023/ |website=Elsewedy Industrial Development |access-date=21 April 2025}}</ref> Over 450 of these were established between 2016 and 2019 with foreign investment.<ref name=egbd-textiles/> The public sector accounts for 50% of spinning, 60% of knitting, and 60% of weaving, while the private sector dominates garment manufacturing with a 90% share.<ref name=sewedy-textiles/>

[[El Mahalla El Kubra|Mahalla El Kobra]] serves as the center of Egypt’s textile production and is home to the state-owned [[Misr Spinning and Weaving Company]], which owns one of the largest spinning and weaving factories in the world. The sector includes approximately 6,500 textile-only factories among 85,000 establishments. Between 2011 and 2020, Egypt experienced a compound annual growth rate of 12% in textile exports. Major export destinations include the [[European Union]], [[Asia]], the [[Middle East]], and [[Africa]], with products such as denim, cotton yarns, and non-woven fabrics.<ref name=egbd-textiles/>