Editing Echinococcosis (section)

==History==
[[File:Parasite130094-fig2 Cysts and laminated layer.tif|thumb|Laminated layer of a cyst found in a corpse in a grave from the late Roman period in France, interpreted<ref name=Mowlavi>{{Cite journal |last1=Mowlavi |first1=G. |last2=Kacki |first2=S. |last3=Dupouy-Camet |first3=J. |last4=Mobedi |first4=I. |last5=Makki |first5=M. |last6=Harandi |first6=MF. |last7=Naddaf |first7=SR. |title=Probable hepatic capillariosis and hydatidosis in an adolescent from the late Roman period buried in Amiens (France) |journal=Parasite |volume=21 |at=Article no. 9 |year=2014 |doi=10.1051/parasite/2014010 |pmid=24572211 |pmc=3936287 }}</ref> as a probable hydatidosis cyst]]

Echinococcosis is a disease that has been recognized by humans for centuries. There has been mention of it in the [[Talmud]]. It was also recognized by ancient scholars such as [[Hippocrates]], [[Aretaeus]], [[Galen]] and [[Rhazes]]. The recommended treatments were based on herbs like ''thymus vulgaris'' and raw garlic. Although echinococcosis has been well known for the past two thousand years, it was not until the past couple of hundred years that real progress was made in determining and describing its parasitic origin. The first step towards figuring out the cause of echinococcosis occurred during the 17th century when [[Francesco Redi]] illustrated that the hydatid cysts of echinococcosis were of "animal" origin. Then, in 1766, [[Pierre Simon Pallas]] predicted that these hydatid cysts found in infected humans were larval stages of tapeworms.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.science.gov/topicpages/t/tapeworms|title=tapeworms: Topics by Science.gov|website=www.science.gov|access-date=5 July 2022|archive-date=14 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211114155720/https://www.science.gov/topicpages/t/tapeworms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Egerton |first1=Frank N. |title=A History of the Ecological Sciences, Part 30: Invertebrate Zoology and Parasitology During the 1700s |journal=Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America |date=October 2008 |volume=89 |issue=4 |pages=407–433 |doi=10.1890/0012-9623(2008)89[407:AHOTES]2.0.CO;2 }}</ref>

A few decades afterward, in 1782, [[Johann August Ephraim Goeze|Goeze]] accurately described the cysts and the tapeworm heads, while in 1786 ''E. granulosus'' was accurately described by [[August Batsch|Batsch]]. Half a century later, during the 1850s, [[Karl Theodor Ernst von Siebold|Karl von Siebold]] showed through a series of experiments that ''Echinococcus'' cysts do cause adult tapeworms in dogs. Shortly after this, in 1863, ''E. multilocularis'' was identified by [[Rudolf Leuckart]]. Then, during the early to mid-1900s, the more distinct features of ''E. granulosus'' and ''E. multilocularis'', their life cycles, and how they cause disease were more fully described as more and more people began researching and performing experiments and studies. While ''E. granulosus'' and ''E. multilocularis'' were both linked to human echinococcosis before or shortly after the 20th century, it was not until the mid-1900s that ''E. oligarthrus'' and ''E. vogeli'' were identified as and shown as being causes of human echinococcosis.<ref name="TappeDennis">{{cite journal |last1=Tappe |first1=Dennis |last2=Stich |first2=August |last3=Frosch |first3=Matthias |title=Emergence of Polycystic Neotropical Echinococcosis |journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases |date=February 2008 |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=292–297 |doi=10.3201/eid1402.070742 |pmid=18258123 |pmc=2600197 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Howorth |first1=M. Beckett |title=Echinococcosis of bone |journal=The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery |date=July 1945 |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=401–411 |url=https://journals.lww.com/jbjsjournal/abstract/1945/27030/ECHINOCOCCOSIS_OF_BONE.8.aspx }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Connolly |first=Stephanie |title=Echinococcosis |date=2006 |url=http://www.stanford.edu/group/parasites/ParaSites2006/Echinococcus/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081210161319/http://www.stanford.edu/group/parasites/ParaSites2006/Echinococcus/index.html |archive-date=10 December 2008 }}</ref>

Two calcified objects recovered from a 3rd- to 4th-century grave of an adolescent in Amiens (Northern France) were interpreted as probable hydatid cysts.<ref name=Mowlavi/> A study of remains from two 8,000-year-old cemeteries in Siberia showed the presence of echinococcosis.<ref>Viegas, Jennifer [http://news.discovery.com/animals/dogs-and-women-140718.htm "Dogs Were a Prehistoric Woman's Best Friend, Too"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218104345/http://news.discovery.com/animals/dogs-and-women-140718.htm |date=18 December 2014 }} ''[[Discovery Communications]]'', 17 July 2014. Retrieved on 25 November 2014.</ref>
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