Editing Dome (section)

=== Arabic and Western European domes ===
{{Main|History of medieval Arabic and Western European domes}}
[[File:Dome of the Rock Temple Mount.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Dome of the Rock]] in [[Jerusalem]]]]
The Syria and [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]] area has a long tradition of domical architecture, including wooden domes in shapes described as "conoid", or similar to pine cones. When the [[Arab Muslims|Arab Muslim]] forces [[Muslim conquest of Syria|conquered the region]], they employed local craftsmen for their buildings and, by the end of the 7th&nbsp;century, the dome had begun to become an architectural symbol of [[Islam]].{{sfn|Smith|1950|p=43}} In addition to religious shrines, such as the [[Dome of the Rock]], domes were used over the audience and throne halls of [[Umayyad]] palaces, and as part of porches, pavilions, fountains, towers and the [[caldarium|calderia]] of baths. Blending the architectural features of both Byzantine and Persian architecture, the domes used both pendentives and squinches and were made in a variety of shapes and materials.{{sfn|Arce|2006|p=209}} Although architecture in the region would decline following the movement of the capital to Iraq under the [[Abbasid Caliphate|Abbasids]] in 750, mosques built after a revival in the late 11th century usually followed the Umayyad model.{{sfn|Bloom|Blair|2009|pp=111–112}} Early versions of bulbous domes can be seen in mosaic illustrations in Syria dating to the Umayyad period. They were used to cover large buildings in Syria after the eleventh century.{{sfn|Born|1944|p=208}}

Italian church architecture from the late sixth century to the end of the eighth century was influenced less by the trends of Constantinople than by a variety of Byzantine provincial plans.{{sfn|Krautheimer|1986|p=402}} With the [[Charlemagne#Coronation|crowning]] of [[Charlemagne]] as a [[Holy Roman Emperor|new Roman Emperor]], Byzantine influences were largely replaced in a revival of earlier Western building traditions. Occasional exceptions include examples of early quincunx churches at [[Milan]] and near [[Cassino]].{{sfn|Krautheimer|1986|p=402}} Another is the [[Palatine Chapel in Aachen|Palatine Chapel]]. Its domed octagon design was influenced by Byzantine models.{{sfn|Dupré|2001|p=5}}{{sfn|Bullough|1991|pp=57, 89}} It was the largest dome north of the Alps at that time.{{sfn|Langmead|Garnaut|2001|p=60}} [[Venice]], [[Southern Italy]] and [[Sicily]] served as outposts of Middle Byzantine architectural influence in Italy.{{sfn|Krautheimer|1986|p=405}}

The [[Cathedral–Mosque of Córdoba|Great Mosque of Córdoba]] contains the first known examples of the crossed-arch dome type.{{sfn|Fuentes|Huerta|2010|pp=346–347}} The use of corner squinches to support domes was widespread in Islamic architecture by the 10th and 11th centuries.{{sfn|Krautheimer|1986|p=340}} After the ninth century, mosques in North Africa often have a small decorative dome over the mihrab. Additional domes are sometimes used at the corners of the mihrab wall, at the entrance bay, or on the square tower minarets.{{sfn|Kuban|1985|pp=2–4}} Egypt, along with north-eastern Iran, was one of two areas notable for early developments in Islamic mausoleums, beginning in the 10th century.{{sfn|Grabar|1963|p=194}} Fatimid mausoleums were mostly simple square buildings covered by a dome. Domes were smooth or ribbed and had a characteristic Fatimid "keel" shape profile.{{sfn|Kuiper|2011|p=165}}

Domes in [[Romanesque architecture]] are generally found within [[Crossing (architecture)|crossing tower]]s at the intersection of a church's [[nave]] and [[transept]], which conceal the domes externally.{{sfn|Stephenson|Hammond|Davi|2005|p=172}} They are typically octagonal in plan and use corner squinches to translate a square bay into a suitable octagonal base.{{sfn|Fletcher}} They appear "in connection with basilicas almost throughout Europe" between 1050 and 1100.{{sfn|Porter|1928|p=48}} The [[Crusades]], beginning in 1095, also appear to have influenced domed architecture in Western Europe, particularly in the areas around the [[Mediterranean Sea]].{{sfn|Jeffery|2010|p=72}} The [[Knights Templar]], headquartered at the site, built a series of centrally planned churches throughout Europe modeled on the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, with the Dome of the Rock also an influence.{{sfn|Howard|1991|pp=65, 67}} In southwest France, there are over 250 domed Romanesque churches in the [[Périgord]] region alone.{{sfn|Stewart|2008|p=202}} The use of pendentives to support domes in the [[Aquitaine]] region, rather than the squinches more typical of western medieval architecture, strongly implies a Byzantine influence.{{sfn|Moffett|Fazio|Wodehouse|2003}} Gothic domes are uncommon due to the use of [[rib vault]]s over naves, and with church crossings usually focused instead by a tall [[steeple (architecture)|steeple]], but there are examples of small octagonal crossing domes in cathedrals as the style developed from the Romanesque.{{sfn|Stephenson|Hammond|Davi|2005|p=174}}

Star-shaped domes found at the [[Moors|Moorish]] palace of the [[Alhambra]] in Granada, Spain, the [[Alhambra#Palace of the Lions|Hall of the Abencerrajes]] (c. 1333–91) and the Hall of the two Sisters (c. 1333–54), are extraordinarily developed examples of [[muqarnas]] domes.{{sfn|Stephenson|Hammond|Davi|2005|p=174}} In the first half of the fourteenth century, stone blocks replaced bricks as the primary building material in the dome construction of [[Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)|Mamluk Egypt]] and, over the course of 250 years, around 400 domes were built in Cairo to cover the tombs of Mamluk [[sultan]]s and [[emir]]s.{{sfn|Cipriani|Lau|2006|pp=696, 698}} Dome profiles were varied, with "keel-shaped", bulbous, [[ogee]], stilted domes, and others being used. On the drum, angles were [[chamfer]]ed, or sometimes stepped, externally and triple windows were used in a tri-lobed arrangement on the faces.{{sfn|Hillenbrand|1994|p=318}} Bulbous cupolas on minarets were used in Egypt beginning around 1330, spreading to Syria in the following century.{{sfn|Born|1944|p=209}} In the fifteenth century, pilgrimages to and flourishing trade relations with the [[Near East]] exposed the [[Low Countries]] of northwest Europe to the use of bulbous domes in the architecture of the [[Orient]] and such domes apparently became associated with the city of Jerusalem. Multi-story spires with truncated bulbous cupolas supporting smaller cupolas or crowns became popular in the sixteenth century.{{sfn|Born|1944|pp=209–213}}