Editing Coronary artery disease (section)

==Research==
{{further|Atheroma|Atherosclerosis}}
Research efforts are focused on new [[angiogenesis|angiogenic]] treatment modalities and various (adult) [[stem-cell therapy|stem-cell therapies]]. A region on [[Chromosome 17 (human)|chromosome 17]] was confined to families with multiple cases of myocardial infarction.<ref name="Farrall-2006">{{cite journal | vauthors = Farrall M, Green FR, Peden JF, Olsson PG, Clarke R, Hellenius ML, Rust S, Lagercrantz J, Franzosi MG, Schulte H, Carey A, Olsson G, Assmann G, Tognoni G, Collins R, Hamsten A, Watkins H | display-authors = 6 | title = Genome-wide mapping of susceptibility to coronary artery disease identifies a novel replicated locus on chromosome 17 | journal = PLOS Genetics | volume = 2 | issue = 5 | pages = e72 | date = May 2006 | pmid = 16710446 | pmc = 1463045 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pgen.0020072 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Other genome-wide studies have identified a firm risk variant on [[chromosome 9]] (9p21.3).<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Roberts R, Stewart AF | title = 9p21 and the genetic revolution for coronary artery disease | journal = Clinical Chemistry | volume = 58 | issue = 1 | pages = 104–12 | date = January 2012 | pmid = 22015375 | doi = 10.1373/clinchem.2011.172759 | doi-access = free }}</ref> However, these and other [[locus (genetics)|loci]] are found in intergenic segments and need further research in understanding how the [[phenotype]] is affected.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Dandona S, Stewart AF, Roberts R | title = Genomics in coronary artery disease: past, present and future | journal = The Canadian Journal of Cardiology | volume = 26 | issue = Suppl A | pages = 56A–59A | date = March 2010 | pmid = 20386763 | doi = 10.1016/s0828-282x(10)71064-3 }}</ref>

A more controversial link is that between ''[[Chlamydophila pneumoniae]]'' infection and atherosclerosis.<ref name="Saikku-1992">{{cite journal | vauthors = Saikku P, Leinonen M, Tenkanen L, Linnanmäki E, Ekman MR, Manninen V, Mänttäri M, Frick MH, Huttunen JK | display-authors = 6 | title = Chronic Chlamydia pneumoniae infection as a risk factor for coronary heart disease in the Helsinki Heart Study | journal = Annals of Internal Medicine | volume = 116 | issue = 4 | pages = 273–78 | date = February 1992 | pmid = 1733381 | doi = 10.7326/0003-4819-116-4-273 | s2cid = 21496102 }}<!--|access-date=26 October 2015--></ref> While this intracellular organism has been demonstrated in atherosclerotic plaques, evidence is inconclusive regarding whether it can be considered a causative factor.<ref name="Grayston2015">{{cite journal | vauthors = Grayston JT, Belland RJ, Byrne GI, Kuo CC, Schachter J, Stamm WE, [[Guangming Zhong|Zhong G]] | title = Infection with Chlamydia pneumoniae as a cause of coronary heart disease: the hypothesis is still untested | journal = Pathogens and Disease | volume = 73 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–9 | date = February 2015 | pmid = 25854002 | pmc = 4492408 | doi = 10.1093/femspd/ftu015 }}</ref> Treatment with antibiotics in patients with proven atherosclerosis has not demonstrated a decreased risk of heart attacks or other coronary vascular diseases.<ref name="Andraws-2005">{{cite journal | vauthors = Andraws R, Berger JS, Brown DL | title = Effects of antibiotic therapy on outcomes of patients with coronary artery disease: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials | journal = JAMA | volume = 293 | issue = 21 | pages = 2641–47 | date = June 2005 | pmid = 15928286 | doi = 10.1001/jama.293.21.2641 }}<!--|access-date=26 October 2015--></ref>

[[Myeloperoxidase]] has been proposed as a [[biomarker]].<ref name="pmid18382609">{{cite journal | vauthors = Loria V, Dato I, Graziani F, Biasucci LM | title = Myeloperoxidase: a new biomarker of inflammation in ischemic heart disease and acute coronary syndromes | journal = Mediators of Inflammation | volume = 2008 | pages = 135625 | year = 2008 | pmid = 18382609 | pmc = 2276594 | doi = 10.1155/2008/135625 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

Plant-based nutrition has been suggested as a way to reverse coronary artery disease,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Esselstyn CB, Gendy G, Doyle J, Golubic M, Roizen MF | title = A way to reverse CAD? | journal = The Journal of Family Practice | volume = 63 | issue = 7 | pages = 356–64b | date = July 2014 | pmid = 25198208 | url = https://cdn.mdedge.com/files/s3fs-public/Document/September-2017/JFP_06307_Article1.pdf }}</ref> but strong evidence is still lacking for claims of potential benefits.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Freeman AM, Morris PB, Barnard N, Esselstyn CB, Ros E, Agatston A, Devries S, O'Keefe J, Miller M, Ornish D, Williams K, Kris-Etherton P | display-authors = 6 | title = Trending Cardiovascular Nutrition Controversies | journal = Journal of the American College of Cardiology | volume = 69 | issue = 9 | pages = 1172–87 | date = March 2017 | pmid = 28254181 | doi = 10.1016/j.jacc.2016.10.086 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

Several immunosuppressive drugs targeting the chronic inflammation in coronary artery disease have been tested.<ref name="pmid35533739">{{cite journal | vauthors = Mikkelsen RR, Hundahl MP, Torp CK, Rodríguez-Carrio J, Kjolby M, Bruun JM, Kragstrup TW | title = Immunomodulatory and immunosuppressive therapies in cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus: A bedside-to-bench approach | journal = Eur J Pharmacol | year = 2022 | volume = 925 | page = 174998 | pmid = 35533739 | doi = 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.174998 | s2cid = 248589827 | doi-access = free }}</ref>