Editing Circadian rhythm (section)

==== Obesity and diabetes ====
[[Obesity]] and [[diabetes]] are associated with lifestyle and genetic factors. Among those factors, disruption of the circadian clockwork and/or misalignment of the circadian timing system with the external environment (e.g., light–dark cycle) can play a role in the development of metabolic disorders.<ref name="Zelinski2014" />

[[Shift work]] or chronic [[jet lag]] have profound consequences for circadian and metabolic events in the body. Animals that are forced to eat during their resting period show increased body mass and altered expression of clock and metabolic genes.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Johnston JD | title = Physiological responses to food intake throughout the day | journal = Nutrition Research Reviews | volume = 27 | issue = 1 | pages = 107–18 | date = June 2014 | pmid = 24666537 | pmc = 4078443 | doi = 10.1017/S0954422414000055 }}</ref><ref name="Proper e147–e157"/> In humans, shift work that favours irregular eating times is associated with altered insulin sensitivity, diabetes and higher body mass.<ref name="pmid22211891">{{cite journal | vauthors = Delezie J, Challet E | title = Interactions between metabolism and circadian clocks: reciprocal disturbances | journal = Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences | volume = 1243 | issue = 1 | pages = 30–46 | date = December 2011 | pmid = 22211891 | doi = 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06246.x | url = https://univoak.eu/islandora/object/islandora%3A64197/datastream/PDF/view | bibcode = 2011NYASA1243...30D | s2cid = 43621902 }} <!-- this is only a partial review --></ref><ref name="Proper e147–e157"/><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = van Drongelen A, Boot CR, Merkus SL, Smid T, van der Beek AJ | title = The effects of shift work on body weight change - a systematic review of longitudinal studies | journal = Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health | volume = 37 | issue = 4 | pages = 263–275 | date = July 2011 | pmid = 21243319 | doi = 10.5271/sjweh.3143 | s2cid = 35457083 | doi-access = free }}</ref>