Editing Christianity and Judaism (section)

==Inter-faith relationship==
[[File:Franciscus kotel.jpg|thumb|[[Pope Francis]] praying at the [[Western Wall]] in [[Jerusalem]] on his 2014 visit to the Holy Land.]]
{{See also|Antisemitism in Christianity|Split of early Christianity and Judaism|Christian anti-Judaism|Anti-Christian}}
In addition to Christianity and Judaism's varying views on each other as religions, there has also been a long and often painful [[Antisemitism in Christianity|history]] of conflict, [[Persecution of Jews|persecution]] and at times, tolerance, [[Christian–Jewish reconciliation|reconciliation]], between the two religions, which have influenced their mutual views of their relationship with each other over time. Since the end of the [[World War II|Second World War]] and [[The Holocaust]], Christianity has embarked on a process of introspection with regard to its Jewish roots and its attitudes toward Judaism.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bibliowicz |first=Abel M. |date=2019 |title=Jewish-Christian Relations – The First Centuries (Mascarat, 2019) |url=https://www.academia.edu/29628872 |location=WA |publisher=Mascarat |pages=310–11 |isbn=978-1513616483 |archive-date=16 November 2021 |access-date=13 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116052803/https://www.academia.edu/29628872 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The eradication of the anti-Jewish tendencies is but one dimension of this ongoing Christian introspection, that attempts to engage a variety of legacies that disturb modern believers (Antisemitism, slavery, racial and ethnic prejudice, colonialism, sexism, homophobia and religious persecution).<ref>{{cite book |last= Schneiders |first= Sandra M.|date=1988 |title=Living Word or Dead(ly) Letter in Crowley Paul ed. (Proceedings of the Catholic Theological Society of America 47 )|location=Toronto, Ontario|page= 97}}</ref>

Since the [[History of Christianity during the Middle Ages|Middle Ages]], the [[Catholic Church]] upheld {{lang|la|Constitutio pro Judæis}} (Formal Statement on the Jews), which stated {{blockquote|We decree that no Christian shall use violence to force them to be baptized, so long as they are unwilling and refuse. ... Without the judgment of the political authority of the land, no Christian shall presume to wound them or kill them or rob them of their money or change the good customs that they have thus far enjoyed in the place where they live."<ref name="BaskinSeeskin2010">{{cite book|last1=Baskin|first1=Judith R.|last2=Seeskin|first2=Kenneth|title=The Cambridge Guide to Jewish History, Religion, and Culture|date=12 July 2010|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521869607|page=120}}</ref>}}

Persecution, [[Forced conversion|forcible conversion]], and forcible [[Forced migration|displacement]] of Jews (i.e. [[hate crime]]s) occurred for many centuries, along with occasional gestures at reconciliation which also occurred from time to time. [[Pogroms]] were a common occurrence throughout Christian Europe, including organized violence, restrictions on land ownership and professional lives, forcible relocation and [[ghetto]]ization, mandatory dress codes, and at times, humiliating actions and [[torture]]. All of these actions and restrictions had major effects on [[Jewish culture]]s. From the fifth century onward, Church councils imposed ever-increasing burdens and limitations on the Jews. Among the decrees:
*marriages between a Jew and a Christian were forbidden (Orleans, 533 and 538; Clermont, 535; Toledo, 589 and 633).
*Jews and Christians were forbidden to eat together (Vannes, 465; Agde, 506; Epaone, 517; Orleans, 538; Macon, 583; Clichy, 626–7)
*Jews were banned from public office (Clermont, 535; Toledo, 589; Paris, 614–5; Clichy, 626–7; Toledo, 633).
*Jews were forbidden to appear in public during Easter (Orleans, 538; Macon, 583) and to work on Sunday (Narbonne, 589).<ref>{{cite book |last= Taylor |first=Miriam |date=1995 |title=Anti-Judaism and Early Christian Identity |location= Netherlands|isbn=9004101861}}</ref>
By the end of the first millennium, the Jewish population in the Christian lands had been decimated, expelled, forced into conversion or worse. Only a few small and scattered communities survived.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bibliowicz |first=Abel |date=2019 |title= Jewish-Christian Relations – The First Centuries ( 2019)|publisher= Mascarat|pages= 282–4|isbn=978-1513616483}}</ref>

There have also been non-coercive outreach and missionary efforts such as the [[Church of England]]'s [[Church's Ministry Among Jewish People|Ministry Among Jewish People]], founded in 1809.

For Martin Buber, Judaism and Christianity were variations on the same theme of messianism.  Buber made this theme the basis of a famous definition of the tension between Judaism and Christianity:
<blockquote>
Pre-messianically, our destinies are divided. Now to the Christian, the Jew is the incomprehensibly obdurate man who declines to see what has happened; and to the Jew, the Christian is the incomprehensibly daring man who affirms in an unredeemed world that its redemption has been accomplished. This is a gulf which no human power can bridge.<ref>Martin Buber, "The Two Foci of the Jewish Soul", cited in The Writings of Martin Buber, Will Herberg (editor), New York: Meridian Books, 1956, p. 276.</ref>
</blockquote>

The [[Nazi Party]] was known for its [[Kirchenkampf|persecution of Christian Churches]]; many of them, such as the Protestant [[Confessing Church]] and the Catholic Church,<ref>Gill, Anton (1994). An Honourable Defeat; A History of the German Resistance to Hitler. Heinemann Mandarin. 1995 paperback {{ISBN|978-0-434-29276-9}}; p. 57</ref> as well as [[Quakers]] and [[Jehovah's Witnesses]], aided and rescued Jews who were being targeted by the régime.<ref name="Gottfried2001">{{cite book|last=Gottfried|first=Ted|title=Heroes of the Holocaust|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780761317173|url-access=registration|access-date=14 January 2017|year=2001|publisher=Twenty-First Century Books|isbn=9780761317173|pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780761317173/page/24 24]–25|quote=Some groups that are known to have helped Jews were religious in nature. One of these was the Confessing Church, a Protestant denomination formed in May 1934, the year after Hitler became chancellor of Germany. One of its goals was to repeal the Nazi law "which required that the civil service would be purged of all those who were either Jewish or of partly Jewish descent." Another was to help those "who suffered through repressive laws, or violence." About 7,000 of the 17,000 Protestant clergy in Germany joined the Confessing Church. Much of their work has one unrecognized, but two who will never forget them are Max Krakauer and his wife. Sheltered in sixty-six houses and helped by more than eighty individuals who belonged to the Confessing Church, they owe them their lives. German Catholic churches went out of their way to protect Catholics of Jewish ancestry. More inclusive was the principled stand taken by Catholic Bishop Clemens Count von Galen of Munster. He publicly denounced the Nazi slaughter of Jews and actually succeeded in having the problem halted for a short time. ... Members of the Society of Friends—German Quakers working with organizations of Friends from other countries—were particularly successful in rescuing Jews. ... Jehovah's Witnesses, themselves targeted for concentration camps, also provided help to Jews.}}</ref>

Following the [[The Holocaust|Holocaust]], attempts have been made to construct a new Jewish-Christian relationship of mutual respect for differences, through the inauguration of the interfaith body the [[Council of Christians and Jews]] in 1942 and [[International Council of Christians and Jews]]. The [[Seelisberg Conference]] in 1947 established 10 points relating to the sources of [[Christian antisemitism]]. The ICCJ's "Twelve points of Berlin" sixty years later aim to reflect a recommitment to interreligious dialogue between the two communities.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iccj.org/en/index.php?id=455 |title=Home |publisher=Iccj.org |date=2 February 2012|access-date=15 August 2012 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

[[Pope Paul VI]] wrote that "the Jewish people, who still retain the religion of the Old Testament, ... are indeed worthy of our respect and love".<ref>Pope Paul VI (1964), [https://www.vatican.va/content/paul-vi/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-vi_enc_06081964_ecclesiam.html Ecclesiam Suam], paragraph 107, accessed on 21 September 2024</ref> Pope [[John Paul II]] and the Catholic Church have "upheld the Church's acceptance of the continuing and permanent election of the Jewish people" as well as a [[Dual-covenant theology|reaffirmation of the covenant]] between [[God in Christianity|God]] and the Jews.<ref name="Wigoder1988">{{cite book|last=Wigoder|first=Geoffrey|title=Jewish-Christian Relations Since the Second World War|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9N9RAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA87|access-date=14 January 2017|year=1988|publisher=Manchester University Press|language=en|isbn=9780719026393|page=87}}</ref> In December 2015, the [[Holy See|Vatican]] released a 10,000-word document which, among other things, stated that Catholics should work with Jews to fight antisemitism.<ref name="NPR.org"/><ref name="Philip Pullella"/><ref name="news.va"/>

===Orthodox Rabbinic Statement on Christianity===
{{Main|To Do the Will of Our Father in Heaven: Toward a Partnership between Jews and Christians}}

In 2012, the book ''[[Kosher Jesus]]'' by [[Orthodox Judaism|Orthodox]] [[Rabbi]] [[Shmuley Boteach]] was published. In it, he takes the position that Jesus was a wise and learned [[Torah]]-observant Jewish [[rabbi]]. Boteach says he was a beloved member of the Jewish community. At the same time, Jesus is said to have despised the [[Ancient Rome|Romans]] for their cruelty, and fought them courageously. The book states that the Jews had nothing whatsoever to do with the murder of Jesus, but rather that blame for his trial and killing lies with the Romans and [[Pontius Pilate]]. Boteach states clearly that he does not believe in Jesus as the Jewish [[Messiah]]. At the same time, Boteach argues that "Jews have much to learn from Jesus - and from Christianity as a whole - without accepting Jesus' divinity. There are many reasons for accepting Jesus as a man of great wisdom, beautiful ethical teachings, and profound Jewish patriotism."<ref name="auto3">{{Cite web|url=https://religion.blogs.cnn.com/2012/04/05/jews-reclaim-jesus-as-one-of-their-own/|title=Jews reclaim Jesus as one of their own|date=April 5, 2012|website=CNN|author=Richard Allen Greene|access-date=26 February 2021|archive-date=26 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226195211/https://religion.blogs.cnn.com/2012/04/05/jews-reclaim-jesus-as-one-of-their-own/|url-status=dead}}</ref>  He concludes by writing, as to [[Judeo-Christian values]], that "the hyphen between Jewish and Christian values is Jesus himself."<ref name=more>{{Cite web|url=https://www.christianpost.com/news/koshering-jesus-more-an-evangelical-review-of-shmuley-boteachs-kosher-jesus.html|title=Koshering Jesus More: An Evangelical Review of Shmuley Boteach's 'Kosher Jesus'|author=Paul de Vries|date=March 23, 2012|website=[[Christian Post]]}}</ref>

On 3 December 2015, the [[Center for Jewish-Christian Understanding and Cooperation]] (CJCUC) spearheaded a petition of Orthodox rabbis from around the world calling for increased partnership between Jews and Christians.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.breakingisraelnews.com/55561/groundbreaking-petition-signed-leading-rabbis-calls-increased-partnership-between-jews-christians-biblical-zionism/|title=Groundbreaking Petition Signed by Leading Rabbis Calls for Increased Partnership Between Jews and Christians|first=Adam Eliyahu|last=Berkowitz|publisher=Breaking Israel News|date=7 December 2015|access-date=29 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170420062605/https://www.breakingisraelnews.com/55561/groundbreaking-petition-signed-leading-rabbis-calls-increased-partnership-between-jews-christians-biblical-zionism/|archive-date=20 April 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thejewishweek.com/news/national/modern-orthodox-leaders-bless-interfaith-dialogue|title=Modern Orthodox Leaders Bless Interfaith Dialogue|first=Steve|last=Lipman|work=[[The Jewish Week]]|date=8 December 2015|access-date=29 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160620040507/http://www.thejewishweek.com/news/national/modern-orthodox-leaders-bless-interfaith-dialogue|archive-date=20 June 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.post-gazette.com/news/nation/2015/12/11/Vatican-Orthodox-rabbis-issue-interfaith-statements-affirming-each-other-s-faith/stories/201512110164|title=Vatican, Orthodox rabbis issue interfaith statements affirming each other's faith|first=Peter|last=Smith|newspaper=[[Pittsburgh Post-Gazette]]|date=11 December 2015|access-date=29 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/towards-jewish-christian-reconciliation_b_9133926 |title=Towards Jewish-Christian Reconciliation & Partnership | first=Rabbi Shmuly | last=Yanklowitz| work=[[HuffPost]] |date=3 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.jpost.com/Blogs/Intellectual-Judaism/Mutual-Judeo-Christian-spiritual-foundation-of-Judaism-and-Christianity-444183|title=Mutual Judeo-Christian spiritual foundation of Judaism and Christianity|first=Vladimir|last=Minkov|newspaper=[[The Jerusalem Post]]|date=7 February 2016|access-date=29 October 2016}}</ref><ref name="vaticanradio">{{cite web |url=http://en.radiovaticana.va/news/2015/12/10/orthodox_rabbis_issue_groundbreaking_statement_on_christians/1193458|title=Orthodox Rabbis issue groundbreaking statement on Christianity|publisher=[[Vatican Radio]]|date=10 December 2015|access-date=29 October 2016}}</ref>{{excessive citations inline|date=April 2023}}
The unprecedented [[Center for Jewish-Christian Understanding and Cooperation#Orthodox Rabbinic Statement on Christianity|Orthodox Rabbinic Statement on Christianity]], entitled ''"To Do the Will of Our Father in Heaven: Toward a Partnership between Jews and Christians"'', was initially signed by over 25 prominent Orthodox rabbis in Israel, the United States, and Europe,<ref name="vaticanradio" /> and as of 2016 had over 60 signatories.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cjcuc.com/site/2015/12/03/orthodox-rabbinic-statement-on-christianity/|title=Orthodox Rabbinic Statement on Christianity – To Do the Will of Our Father in Heaven – Toward a Partnership between Jews and Christians|website=CJCUC|date=3 December 2015|access-date=29 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161016174221/http://cjcuc.com/site/2015/12/03/orthodox-rabbinic-statement-on-christianity/|archive-date=16 October 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Between Jerusalem and Rome===
On 31 August 2017, representatives of the [[Conference of European Rabbis]], the [[Rabbinical Council of America]], and the Commission of the [[Chief Rabbinate of Israel]] issued and presented the [[Holy See]] with a statement entitled ''Between Jerusalem and Rome''. The document pays particular tribute to the Second Vatican Council's Declaration ''[[Nostra Aetate]]'', whose fourth chapter represents the "Magna Carta" of the Holy See's dialogue with the Jewish world. The Statement ''Between Jerusalem and Rome'' does not hide the theological differences that exist between the two faith traditions while all the same it expresses a firm resolve to collaborate more closely, now and in the future.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/speeches/2017/august/documents/papa-francesco_20170831_delegazione-rabbini.html|title=Address of His Holiness Pope Francis to the Delegation of Rabbis for the Presenration of the Statement "Between Jerusalem and Rome"|website=[[Vatican Publishing House|The Vatican]]|date=31 August 2017|access-date=3 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jcrelations.net/Between_Jerusalem_and_Rome_-.5580.0.html?|title=Between Jerusalem and Rome – כלל ופרט בין ירושלים לרומי|website=Jewish-Christian Relations|date=31 August 2017|access-date=3 September 2017}}</ref>