Editing Choline (section)

==History==
===Discovery===
In 1849, [[Adolph Strecker]] was the first to isolate choline from pig bile.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Strecker A |date=1849 |title=Beobachtungen über die galle verschiedener thiere |journal=Justus Liebigs Ann Chem |language=de |volume=70 |issue=2 |pages=149–197 |doi=10.1002/jlac.18490700203 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1427022 }}</ref><ref name="Sebrell_1971">{{cite book |title=The vitamins |vauthors=Sebrell WH, Harris RS, Alam SQ |publisher=Academic Press |year=1971 |isbn=9780126337631 |edition=2nd |volume=3 |pages=4, 12 |doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-633763-1.50007-5 }}</ref> In 1852, L. Babo and M. Hirschbrunn extracted choline from [[white mustard]] seeds and named it ''sinkaline''.<ref name="Sebrell_1971" /> In 1862, Strecker repeated his experiment with pig and ox bile, calling the substance ''choline'' for the first time after the Greek word for bile, ''chole'', and identifying it with the [[chemical formula]] C<sub>5</sub>H<sub>13</sub>NO.<ref name="Strecker_1862">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Strecker A|date=1862|title=Üeber einige neue bestandtheile der schweinegalle|journal=Justus Liebigs Ann Chem|language=de|volume=123|issue=3|pages=353–360|doi=10.1002/jlac.18621230310 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1427185}}</ref><ref name=his>{{cite journal | vauthors = Zeisel SH | title = A brief history of choline | journal = Annals of Nutrition & Metabolism | volume = 61 | issue = 3 | pages = 254–8 | date = 2012 | pmid = 23183298 | pmc = 4422379 | doi = 10.1159/000343120 }}</ref> In 1850, [[Theodore Nicolas Gobley]] extracted from the brains and [[roe]] of [[carp]]s a substance he named ''lecithin'' after the Greek word for egg [[yolk]], {{transliteration|el|lekithos}}, showing in 1874 that it was a mixture of [[phosphatidylcholines]].<ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Gobley T|date=1874|title=Sur la lécithine et la cérébrine|url=https://archive.org/details/journaldepharma26parigoog|journal=J Pharm Chim|language=fr|volume=19|issue=4|pages=[https://archive.org/details/journaldepharma26parigoog/page/n352 346]–354}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Sourkes TL|date=2004|title=The discovery of lecithin, the first phospholipid|url=http://acshist.scs.illinois.edu/bulletin_open_access/v29-1/v29-1%20p9-15.pdf|journal=Bull Hist Chem|volume=29|issue=1|pages=9–15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190413044150/http://acshist.scs.illinois.edu/bulletin_open_access/v29-1/v29-1%20p9-15.pdf|archive-date=2019-04-13|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1865, [[Oscar Liebreich]] isolated "''neurine''" from animal brains.<ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Liebreich O|date=1865|title=Üeber die chemische beschaffenheit der gehirnsubstanz|journal=Justus Liebigs Ann Chem|language=de|volume=134|issue=1|pages=29–44|doi=10.1002/jlac.18651340107 |s2cid=97165871 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1769614}}</ref><ref name="his" /> The [[structural formula]]s of acetylcholine and Liebreich's "neurine" were resolved by [[Adolf von Baeyer]] in 1867.<ref name="b">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Baeyer A|date=1867|title=I. Üeber das neurin|journal=Justus Liebigs Ann Chem|language=de|volume=142|issue=3|pages=322–326|doi=10.1002/jlac.18671420311|url=https://zenodo.org/record/2483316}}</ref><ref name="Sebrell_1971"/> Later that year "neurine" and sinkaline were shown to be the same substances as Strecker's choline. Thus, Bayer was the first to resolve the structure of choline.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Dybkowsky W|trans-title=On the identity of choline & neurin|date=1867|title=Üeber die identität des cholins und des neurins|journal=J Prakt Chem|language=de|volume=100|issue=1|pages=153–164|doi=10.1002/prac.18671000126 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1850615}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Claus A, Keesé C |date=1867 |title=Üeber neurin und sinkalin |journal=J Prakt Chem |language=de |volume=102 |issue=1 |pages=24–27 |doi=10.1002/prac.18671020104 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/2464361 }}</ref><ref name="Sebrell_1971" /> The compound now known as [[neurine]] is unrelated to choline.<ref name="his" />

===Discovery as a nutrient===
In the early 1930s, [[Charles Best (medical scientist)|Charles Best]] and colleagues noted that fatty liver in rats on a special diet and [[diabetic]] dogs could be prevented by feeding them lecithin,<ref name=his/> proving in 1932 that choline in lecithin was solely responsible for this preventive effect.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Best CH, Hershey JM, Huntsman ME | title = The effect of lecithine on fat deposition in the liver of the normal rat | journal = The Journal of Physiology | volume = 75 | issue = 1 | pages = 56–66 | date = May 1932 | pmid = 16994301 | pmc = 1394511 | doi = 10.1113/jphysiol.1932.sp002875 }}</ref> In 1998, the US National Academy of Medicine reported their first recommendations for choline in the human diet.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Institute of Medicine (US) Standing Committee on the scientific evaluation of dietary reference intakes and its panel on folate, other B. vitamins, and choline|chapter=Choline |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK114308/|publisher=National Academies Press (US)|year=1998|pages=xi, 402–413|isbn=9780309064118}}</ref>