Editing Chess (section)

===1200–1700: Origins of the modern game===
The game of chess was then played and known in all European countries. A famous 13th-century Spanish manuscript covering chess, [[backgammon]], and [[dice]] is known as the {{lang|es|[[Libro de los juegos]]}}, which is the earliest [[Europe]]an treatise on chess as well as being the oldest document on European [[tables games]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ilko |first1=Krisztina |title=Chess and Race in the Global Middle Ages |journal=Speculum |date=2024 |volume=99 |issue=2 |pages=505–519 |doi=10.1086/729294|issn = 0038-7134}}</ref> The rules were fundamentally similar to those of the Arabic [[shatranj]]. The differences were mostly in the use of a checkered board instead of a plain monochrome board used by Arabs and the habit of allowing some or all pawns to make an initial double step. In some regions, the queen, which had replaced the [[Wazir (chess)|wazir]], or the king could also make an initial two-square leap under some conditions.<ref>{{harvp|Murray|1985|pp=457–459}}</ref> 
[[File:Lucena110.png|thumb|right|A tactical puzzle from [[Luis Ramírez de Lucena|Lucena's]] 1497 book]]

Around 1200, the rules of shatranj started to be modified in Europe, culminating, several major changes later, in the emergence of modern chess practically as it is known today.<ref>{{harvp|Murray|1985|p=777}}</ref> A major change was the modern piece movement rules, which began to appear in intellectual circles in [[Valencia]], Spain, around 1475,{{refn|The allegorical poem [[Scachs d'amor]], the first to describe a modern game, is probably from 1475.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1259987 |title=Francesco di Castellvi vs. Narciso Vinyoles (1475) "Old in Chess" |website=[[Chessgames.com]] |access-date=13 November 2021 |archive-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128214712/https://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1259987|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Negri|first=Sergio Ernesto|date=2020-03-16|title=Scachs d'amor: The poem that first portrayed the modern rules of chess|url=https://en.chessbase.com/post/scachs-damor-poem-part-1|url-status=live|access-date=2021-11-09|website=ChessBase|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329222835/https://en.chessbase.com/post/scachs-damor-poem-part-1 |archive-date=29 March 2020 }}</ref>|group=note}} which established the foundations and brought it very close to current chess. These new rules then were quickly adopted in Italy and Southern France before diffusing into the rest of Europe.<ref>{{harvp|Davidson|1949|pp=13–17}}</ref><ref name="nauiua">{{cite web |author=Calvo, Ricardo |url=http://history.chess.free.fr/papers/Calvo%201998.pdf |title=Valencia Spain: The Cradle of European Chess |date=1998 |access-date=3 March 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160130113355/http://history.chess.free.fr/papers/Calvo%201998.pdf |archive-date=30 January 2016 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Pawns gained the ability to advance two squares on their first move, while bishops and queens acquired their modern movement powers. The [[Queen (chess)|queen]] replaced the earlier [[Vizier#Influence on chess|vizier]] chess piece toward the end of the 10th&nbsp;century and by the 15th&nbsp;century had become the most powerful piece;<ref>{{harvp|Yalom|2004}}</ref> in light of that, modern chess was often referred to at the time as "Queen's Chess" or "Mad Queen Chess".<ref>{{harvp|Weissberger|2004|pp=152ff}}</ref> Castling, derived from the "king's leap", usually in combination with a pawn or rook move to bring the king to safety, was introduced. These new rules quickly spread throughout Western Europe.

Writings about [[chess theory]] began to appear in the late 15th&nbsp;century. An [[Göttingen manuscript|anonymous treatise on chess of 1490]] with the first part containing some openings and the second 30 endgames is deposited in the library of the [[University of Göttingen]].<ref name="Alex-1989">{{Cite book |last=Alex |first=Crisovan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nww4MQAACAAJ |title=1889-1989 : 100 Jahre Schweizerischer Schachverband: 100 ans de fdration suisse des checs |date=1989 |publisher=Verlag Zrcher |pages=54 |language=it |access-date=25 January 2023 |archive-date=3 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203011446/https://books.google.com/books?id=nww4MQAACAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> The book ''El Libro dels jochs partitis dels schachs en nombre de 100'' was written by [[Francesc Vicent]] in [[Segorbe]] in 1495, but no copy of this work has survived.<ref name="Alex-1989" /> The ''Repetición de Amores y Arte de Ajedrez'' (''Repetition of Love and the Art of Playing Chess'') by [[Spanish people|Spanish]] churchman [[Luis Ramírez de Lucena]] was published in [[Salamanca]] in 1497.<ref name="nauiua"/> Lucena and later masters like Portuguese [[Pedro Damiano]], Italians [[Giovanni Leonardo Di Bona]], [[Giulio Cesare Polerio]] and [[Gioachino Greco]], and Spanish bishop [[Ruy López de Segura]] developed elements of [[#Opening|opening theory]] and started to analyze simple [[#Endgame|endgames]].