Editing Cherbourg (section)

===Historic===
[[File:Cherbourg AncienneCriée.jpg|thumb|right|Old fish market of Cherbourg, ''Quai de Caligny''.]]
[[File:Cherbourg-arsenal hangars.jpg|thumb|right|Sheds of the arsenal, seen from Chantereyne.]]

At the instigation of [[Jean-Baptiste Colbert|Colbert]], the guild of drapers was founded on 16 April 1668, the manufacture of cloth produced two thousand pieces per year.<ref name=anecdotique /> Two years earlier, Colbert had also promoted the introduction of the [[La Glacerie|glass factory]] in the forest of [[Tourlaville]].<ref>Voisin-La-Hougue, ''op. cit.'' {{p.|104-109}}</ref>

In the 18th century, the economic resources came mainly through maritime trade, the preparation of cured meats and the harbour and breakwater works, plus a moribund textile industry. On the eve of the French Revolution, salt was imported from [[Le Croisic]] along with British grain, and [[Le Molay-Littry|Littry]] coal. Exports were mainly to Britain (sheets and clothes) and the West Indies (cattle and mules, fat and salted butter, salted meats, cod, linens and canvas), but also to [[Le Havre]] and [[La Rochelle]] for wood and coal. Lawful or otherwise exchanges also took place with the Channel Islands ([[tanbark]], grain and wool). Cherbourg shipowners were absent from significant fishing, including that of cod on the banks of [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]], which was a specialty of [[Granville, Manche|Granville]]. 361 workers (1764) and 69 skilled workers (1778) of the factory annually produced (1760) 2,000 fine linens in green and white strip. Cherbourg also had seven producers of starch.<ref name="ancienregime" /> Opened in 1793 at the location of the current Lawton-Collins Wharf, the arsenal was moved in 1803 on a decision by [[Napoleon]], within the project of the [[Cherbourg Naval Base|military port]]. Sailing ships were built, the first, the [[brig]] ''La Colombe'', was launched on 27 September 1797, and then screw-propelled vessels up to the end of the 19th century. From 1898, the Arsenal specialised in the {{Interlanguage link|List of submarines built at Cherbourg|fr|3=Liste des sous-marins construits à Cherbourg|lt=construction of submarines}}. The first were ''Le Morse'' and ''Le Narval''. Since then, more than 91 vessels have been built there.

''L'Annuaire de la Manche'' [The Yearbook of Manche] in 1829 mentioned several slate quarries in the agglomeration whose product was sometimes exported to Le Havre, two printers, two soda refineries (properties of Mr. Le Couturier and Messrs. Crenier and Co. producing approximately 600 tonnes for [[Ostend]], [[Dunkirk]], [[Rouen]] and [[Paris]], Germany and Russia), a sugar refinery (Mr. Despréaux) whose 50 tonnes were sold in the English Channel, a lace factory run by four nuns on behalf of Messrs. Blod and Lange and several tanners. It is indicated that the port trade was based on exportation of mules to [[Réunion]] and the [[Antilles]], salted meat of pigs and eggs in [[Great Britain|Britain]], wine and brandies, and the import of [[Scandinavia]]n, [[Poland|Polish]] and Russian wood, linseed, and hemp.<ref>{{cite book|title=Industrie et commerce - Arrondissement de Cherbourg, ''Annuaire du Département de la Manche''|location=Saint-Lô|publisher=Impr. de J. Elie|year=1829}}</ref> But its use as a place of war hampered the development of Cherbourg as major commercial port, compared to Le Havre. Ten years later, for these exchanges, {{Interlanguage link|Jean Fleury (writer)|fr|3=Jean Fleury|lt=Jean Fleury}} counted 225 to 230 both French and foreign, from 30 to 800 tons, ships each carrying 6 to 18 crew. He added the maritime buildings and armaments and the export of butter of [[La Hague]], and the total annual trade was estimated at between 4 or 5 million francs, of which one million for the export of eggs to the United Kingdom, and 850 tons of salted meat.<ref name=fleury1839-notions />

At the beginning of the 20th century, Cherbourg was primarily a [[Cherbourg Naval Base|military port]]. The commercial port was modest, always exporting mules to the West Indies and Réunion and local food products to Britain (butter, meats, eggs, cattle, etc.), but also chemical products of soda extracted from kelp, granite from nearby quarries, and important wood and iron from [[Nord (French department)|Nord]], tar, hemp, and food from the colonies. At this time the port embraced the transatlantic epic. Cherbourg's industry was then specialised in shipbuilding, as well as in lace-making and the manufacture of rope. The late 19th century also saw Cherbourg develop an aviation industry, through the company of [[Félix du Temple de la Croix|Félix du Temple]], taken over in 1938 by [[Félix Amiot]], another aviation pioneer for the aerospace company of Normandy. Gradually, workers developed a particular skill in metalwork, both for the submarines of the Arsenal, for aircraft and ships of the Amiot shipyards or [[George Herman Babcock|Babcock]]-[[Stephen Wilcox|Wilcox]] boilers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mairie-tourlaville.fr/fr/tourisme/tourisme_et_patrimoine/dossiers_en_consultation/fichiers/felix_du_temple.pdf|title=Félix Du Temple, un général inventeur|work=Ville de Tourlaville|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927020303/http://www.mairie-tourlaville.fr/fr/tourisme/tourisme_et_patrimoine/dossiers_en_consultation/fichiers/felix_du_temple.pdf|archive-date=27 September 2007}}</ref>

In 1916, [[Nestlé]] introduced its first French factory in Cherbourg.

The 1960s saw a revival of the local economy through the increase in the female workforce and the decline of agricultural employment in favour of diversification of jobs and a high-tech industry. In 1960, under the leadership of Mayor [[Jacques Hébert (French politician)|Jacques Hébert]], Hortson was established in the Maupas quarter. One hundred employees manufactured projectors and film cameras, particularly for the [[Office de Radiodiffusion Télévision Française|ORTF]] and Russian television. Redeemed, the factory specialised under the name of [[Thomson-CSF]] audiovisual in surveillance and medical cameras, then in the production of electronic circuits of computer terminals on behalf of [[Constructions Mécaniques de Normandie]] and the Arsenal. Since 1976, it has been dedicated to the production of microwave electronic devices, employing 260 workers in 1979 contracted for radars of the [[Dassault Mirage F1|Mirage F1]] Army Air and of the Navy [[Dassault-Breguet Super Étendard|Super Etendards]], rising to 400 employees at the end of the 1980s, after moving in 1987 into a new modernised factory in Tourlaville. For a decade, the electronic workshop expanded, adding a production line for mobile television relays, and a workshop for mechanical surface treatment.<ref name="Hortson">{{cite book|first=Frédéric|last=Patard|title=D'Hortson à Sanmina, 45 ans d'histoire industrielle|language=fr|trans-title=Of Hortson at Sanmina, 45 years of industrial history|publisher=La Presse de la Manche}}</ref> As part of the internal restructuring of [[Alcatel-Lucent|Alcatel]], the site, which has 300 employees, was sold in 2002 to [[Sanmina Corporation|Sanmina-SCI]], which ceased its activity in March 2008.<ref name="redynamiser">{{cite web|url=http://www.cherbourg.maville.com/actu/actudet_-Comment-redynamiser-l-economie-de-la-ville-centre-_loc-579463_actu.Htm|title=Comment redynamiser l'économie de la ville centre ?|language=fr|trans-title=How to revitalise the economy of the city centre?|work=Ouest-France|date=5 March 2008}}</ref> The ''Compagnie industrielle des télécommunications'' (CIT), merged the following decade with Alcatel, it also opened an assembly plant for electronic telephone exchanges, at [[Querqueville]] in the 1960s. The unit, seen as a flagship of French industry by the new president of the Republic in 1981, was considered unnecessary after the integration of Thomson's telephony division with Alcatel in 1984 and suffered heavy redundancies from the end of the 1980s, before closing in 1997 at the end of a difficult social conflict.<ref>{{cite journal|first=Sylvie|last=Malsan|title=Licenciements collectifs : le prix d'une dette symbolique|language=fr|trans-title=Collective redundancies: the price of a symbolic debt|journal=Revue du MAUSS, la Découverte|isbn=978-2-7071-5253-4|pages=180–206|year=2007|doi=10.3917/rdm.029.0180 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

Between the 1970s and 1990s, the two major projects of northern [[Cotentin Peninsula|Cotentin]], the [[La Hague site|La Hague reprocessing plant]] and the [[Flamanville Nuclear Power Plant]], accentuated the industrial development of a city that saw a golden age<ref name="cite-inquiete"/> through what the journalist François Simon called "industries of death", since about two thirds of the local industrial fabric was related to defence and the nuclear industry.<ref name="histoireindustrielle" />

Cherbourg is also the cradle of the [[Paul-Louis Halley|Halley]] family and society, which became [[Promodès]] in the 1960s ({{Interlanguage link|Continent (hypermarket)|fr|3=Continent (hypermarché)|lt=Continent}} hypermarkets, [[Champion (supermarket)|Champion]] supermarkets). In 1999, Promodès merged with [[Carrefour]]. The old buildings of Halley House became the technical centre of the Cachin vocational school, on ''Avenue Aristide-Briand''.