Editing Canberra (section)

===Transport===
[[File:Highways into Canberra (6768361501).jpg|thumb|The [[Glenloch Interchange]] connects the [[Tuggeranong Parkway]] with [[Parkes Way]]]]
[[File:ACTION (BUS 680) Volgren Optimus bodied Scania K360UA 6x2-2 (Euro VI) at the intersection of Alinga St and Northbourne Ave (1).jpg|thumb|[[ACTION]] [[Volgren]] bodied [[Scania K-series|Scania K360UA]]]]
[[File:Tram at Alinga Street light rail stop July 2022.jpg|thumb|[[Alinga Street light rail station]]]]
The automobile is by far the dominant form of transport in Canberra.<ref name=road>{{cite web |url=http://www.aph.gov.au/house/committee/ncet/natcapauth/report/chapter9.pdf |title=Canberra's transport system |publisher=[[Parliament of Australia]] |access-date=23 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207011010/http://www.aph.gov.au/house/committee/ncet/natcapauth/report/chapter9.pdf |archive-date=7 February 2012}}</ref> The city is laid out so that arterial roads connecting inhabited clusters run through undeveloped areas of open land or forest, which results in a low population density;{{sfn|Penguin Books Australia|2000|pp=23-25}} this also means that idle land is available for the development of future transport corridors if necessary without the need to build tunnels or acquire developed residential land. In contrast, other capital cities in Australia have substantially less green space.{{sfn|Penguin Books Australia|2000|pp=3-6, 32-35, 53-59, 74-77, 90-91, 101-104}}

[[Suburbs of Canberra#Districts|Canberra's districts]] are generally connected by [[parkway]]s—limited access [[dual carriageway]] roads<ref name=road/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.justice.act.gov.au/page/view/3063/title/act-road-hierarchy |title=ACT Road Hierarchy |publisher=ACT Government |date=21 August 2012 |access-date=14 February 2014 |archive-date=22 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222033051/http://www.justice.act.gov.au/page/view/3063/title/act-road-hierarchy |url-status=live}}</ref> with speed limits generally set at a maximum of {{cvt|100|km/h|0}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chiefminister.act.gov.au/media.php?v=5787&s=29 |title=Survey shows speeding at disputed camera site |publisher=[[Australian Capital Territory Chief Minister's Department|Chief Minister's Department]] |date=17 July 2007 |access-date=23 April 2010 |archive-date=28 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928013134/http://www.chiefminister.act.gov.au/media.php?v=5787&s=29 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.afp.gov.au/act/road_traffic/speeding.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091112054723/http://www.afp.gov.au/act/road_traffic/speeding.html |archive-date=12 November 2009 |title=Speeding |publisher=[[Australian Federal Police]] |date=20 May 2008 |access-date=23 April 2010}}</ref> An example is the [[Tuggeranong Parkway]] which links Canberra's CBD and Tuggeranong, and bypasses Weston Creek.{{sfn|Universal Publishers|2007|pp=57, 67, 77}} In most districts, discrete residential suburbs are bounded by main arterial roads with only a few residential linking in, to deter non-local traffic from cutting through areas of housing.{{sfn|Universal Publishers|2007|pp=1-100}}

In an effort to improve road safety, traffic cameras were first introduced to Canberra by the [[Kate Carnell]] Government in 1999.<ref name=LawsonTraffic>{{cite news |url=http://www.canberratimes.com.au/act-news/impact-of-traffic-cameras-on-speed-put-under-microscope-20140310-34i1n.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140311005208/http://www.canberratimes.com.au/act-news/impact-of-traffic-cameras-on-speed-put-under-microscope-20140310-34i1n.html |archive-date=11 March 2014 |title=Impact of traffic cameras on speed put under microscope |date=11 March 2014 |newspaper=The Canberra Times |first=Kirsten |last=Lawson |publisher=Fairfax Media}}</ref> The traffic cameras installed in Canberra include fixed red-light and speed cameras and point-to-point speed cameras; together they bring in revenue of approximately $11&nbsp;million per year in fines.<ref name=LawsonTraffic/>

[[ACTION]], the government-operated bus service, provides public transport throughout the city.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.action.act.gov.au/About_ACTION/corporate |title=Corporate |publisher=[[ACTION]] |access-date=25 February 2014 |archive-date=5 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140205171504/https://www.action.act.gov.au/About_ACTION/corporate |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[CDC Canberra]] provides bus services between Canberra and nearby areas of New South Wales of ([[Murrumbateman]] and [[Yass, New South Wales|Yass]])<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.transborder.com.au/index.php/about-us-bottom |title=About Us |publisher=[[Transborder Express]] |access-date=23 June 2017 |archive-date=2 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702105520/http://www.transborder.com.au/index.php/about-us-bottom |url-status=live}}</ref> and as Qcity Transit ([[Queanbeyan]]).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://qcitytransit.com.au/about-us |title=About Us |publisher=[[Qcity Transit]] |access-date=23 June 2017 |archive-date=10 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170610101803/http://qcitytransit.com.au/about-us |url-status=live}}</ref> A [[Light rail in Canberra|light rail line]] commenced service on 20 April 2019 linking the CBD with the northern district of [[Gungahlin]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Trams run near empty as light rail turns one |url=https://canberraweekly.com.au/trams-run-near-empty-as-light-rail-turns-1/ |website=Canberra Weekly |date=20 April 2020 |publisher=Newstate Media |access-date=23 March 2021 |archive-date=14 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414225715/https://canberraweekly.com.au/trams-run-near-empty-as-light-rail-turns-1/ |url-status=live}}</ref> A planned Stage 2A of Canberra's light rail network will run from Alinga Street station to Commonwealth Park, adding three new stops at City West, City South and Commonwealth Park.<ref>{{cite web |title=London Circuit to be raised for light rail stage 2A |url=https://canberraweekly.com.au/london-circuit-to-be-raised-for-light-rail-stage-2a/ |website=Canberra Weekly |date=12 September 2019 |publisher=Newstate Media |access-date=23 March 2021 |archive-date=3 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303235227/https://canberraweekly.com.au/london-circuit-to-be-raised-for-light-rail-stage-2a/ |url-status=live}}</ref> In February 2021 ACT Minister for Transport and City Services Chris Steel said he expects construction on Stage 2A to commence in the 2021-22 financial year, and for "tracks to be laid" by the next Territory election in 2024.<ref>{{cite web |title=Federal Government contributes $132.5 million toward light rail stage 2A |url=https://canberraweekly.com.au/federal-government-contributes-132-5-million-toward-light-rail-stage-2a/ |website=Canberra Weekly |date=23 February 2021 |publisher=Newstate Media |access-date=23 March 2021 |archive-date=3 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303125343/https://canberraweekly.com.au/federal-government-contributes-132-5-million-toward-light-rail-stage-2a/ |url-status=live}}</ref> At the 2016 census, 7.1% of the journeys to work involved public transport, while 4.5% walked to work.<ref name="Census2016"/>

There are two local taxi companies. [[Aerial Consolidated Transport|Aerial Capital Group]] enjoyed monopoly status until the arrival of Cabxpress in 2007.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2007/02/03/1839551.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110218043332/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2007/02/03/1839551.htm |archive-date=18 February 2011 |title=Taxi company 'not concerned' at losing monopoly |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation |date=3 February 2007}}</ref> In October 2015 the ACT Government passed legislation to regulate ride sharing, allowing ride share services including [[Uber]] to operate legally in Canberra.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-10-30/uber-launches-in-canberra/6898514 |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Commission |title=Uber launches in ACT as Canberra becomes first city to regulate ride sharing |date=31 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151101065334/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-10-30/uber-launches-in-canberra/6898514 |archive-date=1 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.canberratimes.com.au/act-news/uber-goes-live-in-canberra-with-more-than-a-hundred-drivers-registered-20151030-gkmqaa.html |publisher=Fairfax Media |newspaper=The Canberra Times |title=Uber goes live in Canberra with more than 100 drivers registered |first=Tom |last=McIlroy |date=30 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151105033829/http://www.canberratimes.com.au/act-news/uber-goes-live-in-canberra-with-more-than-a-hundred-drivers-registered-20151030-gkmqaa.html |archive-date=5 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/oct/30/act-chief-minister-launches-uber-in-canberra-calling-it-a-real-step-forward |newspaper=The Guardian |date=30 October 2015 |title=ACT chief minister launches regulated Uber in Canberra, calling it 'a real step forward' |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151103153733/http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/oct/30/act-chief-minister-launches-uber-in-canberra-calling-it-a-real-step-forward |archive-date=3 November 2015}}</ref> The ACT Government was the first jurisdiction in Australia to enact legislation to regulate the service.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.afr.com/technology/fullyregulated-uber-services-start-in-canberra-20151029-gkmgko |publisher=Fairfax Media |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151030134534/http://www.afr.com/technology/fullyregulated-uber-services-start-in-canberra-20151029-gkmgko |archive-date=30 October 2015 |date=30 October 2015 |newspaper=Australian Financial Review |title=Fully-regulated Uber services start in Canberra}}</ref> Since then many other ride sharing and taxi services have started in ACT namely [[Ola Cabs|Ola]], Glide Taxi<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.canberraairport.com.au/transport/taxis/ |title=Taxis |website=Canberra Airport |language=en-US |access-date=30 April 2019 |archive-date=30 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430052154/https://www.canberraairport.com.au/transport/taxis/ |url-status=live}}</ref> and GoCatch<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gocatch.com/2018/05/29/australian-owned-ride-booking-app-gocatch-to-begin-driving-canberra-airport-customers/ |title=Australian-owned ride-booking app GoCatch to begin driving Canberra Airport customers |website=GoCatch |language=en-AU |access-date=30 April 2019 |archive-date=30 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430052108/https://www.gocatch.com/2018/05/29/australian-owned-ride-booking-app-gocatch-to-begin-driving-canberra-airport-customers/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

An interstate [[NSW TrainLink]] railway service connects Canberra to Sydney.<ref name=traindestinations>{{Cite New South Wales transport timetables|Southern Region}}</ref> [[Canberra railway station]] is in the inner south suburb of [[Kingston, Australian Capital Territory|Kingston]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.countrylink.info/travel_passes/travelpass_agencies |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110220052328/http://www.countrylink.info/travel_passes/travelpass_agencies |archive-date=20 February 2011 |title=Travel pass agencies |publisher=[[CountryLink]] |date=14 December 2009 |access-date=23 April 2010}}</ref> Between 1920 and 1922 the train line crossed the Molonglo River and ran as far north as the city centre, although the line was closed following major flooding and was never rebuilt, while plans for a line to [[Yass, New South Wales|Yass]] were abandoned. A {{RailGauge|3ft6in|lk=on}} gauge construction railway was built in 1923 between the [[Yarralumla brickworks]] and the provisional Parliament House; it was later extended to Civic, but the whole line was closed in May 1927.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Canberra's Engineering Heritage |url=http://www.engineer.org.au/chapter02.html |archive-date=23 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723191327/http://engineer.org.au/chapter02.html |chapter=Railways |last=Shellshear |first=Walter M. |access-date=7 June 2010 |publisher=Engineers Australia}}</ref> Train services to Melbourne are provided by way of a NSW TrainLink bus service which connects with a rail service between Sydney and Melbourne in Yass, about a one-hour drive from Canberra.<ref name=traindestinations/>{{sfn|Penguin Books Australia|2000|pp=20}}

Plans to establish a [[High-speed rail in Australia|high-speed rail]] service between Melbourne, Canberra and Sydney,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/07/19/business/worldbusiness/19iht-ausrail.2.t.html |title=Sydney to Canberra in 80 Minutes–by High-Speed Train |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=19 July 2000 |access-date=7 June 2010 |last=Richardson |first=Michael |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501033851/http://www.nytimes.com/2000/07/19/business/worldbusiness/19iht-ausrail.2.t.html |archive-date=1 May 2013}}</ref> have not been implemented, as the various proposals have been deemed economically unviable.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eriksrailnews.com/archive/hst2.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306111425/http://eriksrailnews.com/archive/hst2.html |archive-date=6 March 2012 |title=Oz HSR Received? |work=The Australian |date=29 October 2002 |access-date=7 June 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Somer |first=Belinda |url=http://www.abc.net.au/pm/stories/s312944.htm |title=Govt considers rail link between eastern cities |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation |date=14 June 2001 |access-date=7 June 2010 |archive-date=13 January 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090113164105/http://www.abc.net.au/pm/stories/s312944.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> The original plans for Canberra included proposals for railed transport within the city,<ref name=railways>{{cite journal |title=Railways in the Australian Capital Territory |last=MacDonald |first=B.T. |journal=[[Australian Railway History|Australian Railway Historical Society Bulletin]] |date=May 1967 |pages=106–116}}</ref> however none eventuated.<ref name=railways/> The phase 2 report of the most recent proposal, the [[High-speed rail in Australia#High-Speed Rail Study (2008–2013)|High Speed 
Rail Study]], was published by the [[Department of Infrastructure and Transport]] on 11 April 2013.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Australian Government [[Department of Infrastructure and Transport]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130625111825/http://www.infrastructure.gov.au/rail/trains/high_speed/files/HSR_Phase_2-Main_Report_Low_Res.pdf |author1=AECOM |author2=Booz and Co |author3=KPMG |author4=Hyder |author5=Acil Tasman |author6=Grimshaw Architects |archive-date=25 June 2013 |url=http://www.infrastructure.gov.au/rail/trains/high_speed/files/HSR_Phase_2-Main_Report_Low_Res.pdf |title=High Speed Rail Study Phase 2 Report |id=Libraries Australia ID 50778307 |date=April 2013 |ref={{harvid|High Speed Rail Study Phase 2 Report|2013}}}}</ref> A railway connecting Canberra to [[Jervis Bay]] was also planned but never constructed.{{sfn|Gibbney|1988|pp=58, 60}}

Canberra is about three hours by road from Sydney on the [[Federal Highway (Australia)|Federal Highway]] (National Highway 23),{{sfn|Penguin Books Australia|2000|loc=inside cover}} which connects with the [[Hume Highway]] (National Highway 31) near [[Goulburn]], and seven hours by road from Melbourne on the [[Barton Highway]] (National Highway 25), which joins the Hume Highway at Yass.{{sfn|Penguin Books Australia|2000|loc=inside cover}} It is a two-hour drive on the [[Monaro Highway]] (National Highway 23) to the ski fields of the [[Snowy Mountains]] and the [[Kosciuszko National Park]].{{sfn|Penguin Books Australia|2000|pp=20}} [[Batemans Bay]], a popular holiday spot on the New South Wales coast, is also two hours away via the [[Kings Highway, Australia|Kings Highway]].{{sfn|Penguin Books Australia|2000|pp=20}}
[[File:Canberra International Airport 01.jpg|thumb|[[Canberra Airport]] terminal]]
[[Canberra Airport]] provides direct domestic services to [[Adelaide Airport|Adelaide]], [[Brisbane Airport|Brisbane]], [[Cairns Airport|Cairns]], [[Darwin Airport|Darwin]], [[Gold Coast Airport|Gold Coast]], [[Hobart Airport|Hobart]], [[Melbourne Airport|Melbourne]], [[Perth Airport|Perth]], [[Sunshine Coast Airport|Sunshine Coast]] and [[Sydney Airport|Sydney]] with connections to other domestic centres.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.canberraairport.com.au/air_flight_info/departures.cfm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120902105846/http://www.canberraairport.com.au/air_flight_info/departures.cfm |archive-date=2 September 2012 |title=Departures |publisher=[[Canberra Airport]] |access-date=13 May 2010}}</ref> There are also direct flights to small regional towns: [[Ballina Byron Gateway Airport|Ballina]], [[Dubbo City Airport|Dubbo]], [[Newcastle Airport, New South Wales|Newcastle]] and [[Port Macquarie Airport|Port Macquarie]] in New South Wales. Canberra Airport is, as of September 2013, designated by the [[Department of Infrastructure and Regional Development|Australian Government Department of Infrastructure and Regional Development]] as a restricted use designated international airport.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.infrastructure.gov.au/aviation/international/icao/desig_airports.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510090836/http://www.infrastructure.gov.au/aviation/international/icao/desig_airports.aspx |archive-date=10 May 2013 |publisher=Australian Government Department of Infrastructure and Regional Development |title=Designated International Airports in Australia |date=27 February 2013}}</ref> International flights have previously been operated by both [[Singapore Airlines]] and [[Qatar Airways]]. [[Fiji Airways]] has announced direct flights to [[Nadi]] commencing in July 2023.<ref>{{cite web |title=Fiji Airways to Start Flying to Canberra - Reward Flight |url=https://rewardflight.com.au/2023/04/15/fiji-airways-to-start-flying-to-canberra/ |website=rewardflight.com.au |date=15 April 2023}}</ref> Until 2003 the civilian airport shared runways with [[Fairbairn airbase|RAAF Base Fairbairn]]. In June of that year, the Air Force base was decommissioned and from that time the airport was fully under civilian control.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Farewell to Fairbairn |journal=Air Force |publisher=Royal Australian Air Force |volume=45 |issue=12 |last=Hogan |first=Richard |date=July 2003}}</ref>

Canberra has one of the highest rates of active travel of all Australian major cities, with 7.1&nbsp;per&nbsp;cent of commuters walking or cycling to work in 2011.<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.cmd.act.gov.au/open_government/inform/act_government_media_releases/corbell/2013/canberra-ranks-highly-in-national-report |first=Simon |last=Corbell |author-link=Simon Corbell |date=31 July 2013 |title=Canberra ranks highly in national report |archive-date=18 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140318234349/http://www.cmd.act.gov.au/open_government/inform/act_government_media_releases/corbell/2013/canberra-ranks-highly-in-national-report}}</ref> An ACT Government survey conducted in late 2010 found that Canberrans walk an average of 26&nbsp;minutes each day.<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.transport.act.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/397245/Pages_from_EDS_ACT_Transport_Policy_FA_final_web.pdf |page=38 |title=Transport for Canberra: Transport for a sustainable city 2012–31 |publisher=ACT Government |date=March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140131155700/https://www.transport.act.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/397245/Pages_from_EDS_ACT_Transport_Policy_FA_final_web.pdf |archive-date=31 January 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> According to ''The Canberra Times'' in March 2014, Canberra's cyclists are involved in an average of four reported collisions every week.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.canberratimes.com.au/act-news/costs-add-up-as-more-cyclists-take-to-public-roads-and-suffer-tumbles-20140318-350pg.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140319000315/http://www.canberratimes.com.au/act-news/costs-add-up-as-more-cyclists-take-to-public-roads-and-suffer-tumbles-20140318-350pg.html |archive-date=19 March 2014 |date=19 March 2014 |title=Costs add up as more cyclists take to public roads and suffer tumbles |first=Phillip |last=Thomson}}</ref> The newspaper also reported that Canberra is home to 87,000 cyclists, translating to the highest cycling participation rate in Australia; and, with higher popularity, bike injury rates in 2012 were twice the national average.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.canberratimes.com.au/act-news/cycling-campaign-group-pedal-power-slams-act-government-on-injury-rates-20140625-zslas.html |newspaper=The Canberra Times |publisher=Fairfax Media |archive-date=25 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140625122459/http://www.canberratimes.com.au/act-news/cycling-campaign-group-pedal-power-slams-act-government-on-injury-rates-20140625-zslas.html |title=Cycling campaign group Pedal Power slams ACT government on injury rates |first=John |last=Thistleton |date=25 June 2014}}</ref>

Since late 2020, two [[scooter-sharing system]]s have been operational in Canberra: orange scooters from Neuron Mobility and purple scooters from Beam Mobility,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.act.gov.au/our-canberra/latest-news/2020/august/e-scooters-are-coming-to-canberra |title=E-scooters have rolled into Canberra - Our Canberra |publisher=Act.gov.au |date=28 August 2020 |access-date=24 February 2022 |archive-date=10 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211010022013/https://www.act.gov.au/our-canberra/latest-news/2020/august/e-scooters-are-coming-to-canberra |url-status=live}}</ref> both [[Singapore]]-based companies that operate in many Australian cities. These services cover much of [[Canberra Central]] and Central [[Belconnen]], with plans to expand coverage to more areas of the city in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.canberratimes.com.au/story/7480748/e-scooters-to-expand-across-entire-city/ |title=E-scooters to expand across entire city |date=23 October 2021 |access-date=22 February 2022 |archive-date=22 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220222010650/https://www.canberratimes.com.au/story/7480748/e-scooters-to-expand-across-entire-city/ |url-status=live}}</ref>