Editing Buffalo, New York (section)

===Transportation===
{{Main|Transportation in Buffalo, New York}}
[[File:New Flyer Xcelsior CHARGE NG electric bus being road-tested on NFTA Metro route 12, Buffalo, New York - 20230215.jpg|thumb|[[Niagara Frontier Transportation Authority]] electric bus in [[Elmwood Village, Buffalo|Elmwood Village]]]]

Growth and changing transportation needs altered Buffalo's [[grid plan]], which was developed by Joseph Ellicott in 1804. His plan laid out streets like the spokes of a wheel, naming them after Dutch landowners and Native American tribes.<ref>{{cite book |last=Chazanof |first=William |title=Joseph Ellicott and the Holland Land Company |chapter=VI. Problems of an Expanding Population |date=2018 |page=100 |doi=10.1353/book.61263 |isbn=9781684450022 |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/chapter/2179072 |url-access=subscription |publisher=[[Syracuse University Press]] |jstor=j.ctv64h6xr |via=[[Project MUSE]] |access-date=20 May 2021}}</ref> City streets expanded outward, denser in the west and spreading out east of [[Main Street (Buffalo)|Main Street]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Goldman |first1=Mark |title=City on the Lake: The Challenge of Change in Buffalo, New York |date=2010-10-29 |publisher=[[Prometheus Books]] |isbn=978-1-61592-392-2 |page=14 |language=en}}</ref> Buffalo is a [[List of Canada–United States border crossings|port of entry with Canada]]; the [[Peace Bridge]] crosses the Niagara River and links the [[Interstate 190 (New York)|Niagara Thruway]] (I-190) and [[Queen Elizabeth Way]].<ref>{{Google maps |access-date=May 23, 2021|title=Interstate 190 in Buffalo to Queen Elizabeth Way in Fort Erie |url=https://www.google.com/maps/dir/I-190,+Buffalo,+NY+14201/42.9084466,-78.9180701/@42.906305,-78.9119525,14.04z/data=!4m14!4m13!1m10!1m1!1s0x89d313a5a82868b9:0xc37a69b35b449c73!2m2!1d-78.8974803!2d42.898158!3m4!1m2!1d-78.9175898!2d42.9084453!3s0x89d313784265274f:0xde19bb8938242928!1m0!3e0}}</ref> I-190, [[New York State Route 5|NY 5]] and [[New York State Route 33|NY 33]] are the primary [[Controlled-access highway|expressway]]s serving the city, carrying a total of over 245,000 vehicles daily.{{efn|[[Average annual daily traffic]], 2019.}}<ref>{{cite web |author1=NYSDOT |title=2019 Traffic Volume Report - Routes |url=https://www.dot.ny.gov/divisions/engineering/technical-services/hds-respository/NYSDOT_2019TrafficVolumeReport-Routes.pdf |website=[[New York State Department of Transportation]] |access-date=20 May 2021 |pages=8, 227, 125 |archive-date=May 20, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520034312/https://www.dot.ny.gov/divisions/engineering/technical-services/hds-respository/NYSDOT_2019TrafficVolumeReport-Routes.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> NY 5 carries traffic to the Southtowns, and NY 33 carries traffic to the eastern suburbs and the Buffalo Airport.<ref>{{Google maps |access-date=May 23, 2021|title=NY 5 in Buffalo from Niagara Square |url=https://www.google.com/maps/dir/42.8861395,-78.8798914/42.8339551,-78.8539607/@42.8850309,-78.8859263,12.72z/data=!4m2!4m1!3e0}} and {{Google maps |access-date=May 23, 2021|title=NY 33 in Buffalo |url=https://www.google.com/maps/dir/42.8928749,-78.8668008/42.9331026,-78.7990235/@42.9078516,-78.8716677,12.72z/data=!4m2!4m1!3e0}}</ref> The east-west Scajacquada Expressway ([[New York State Route 198|NY 198]]) bisects Delaware Park, connecting I-190 with the Kensington Expressway (NY 33) on the city's East Side to form a partial [[Ring road|beltway]] around the city center.<ref>{{Google maps |access-date=May 23, 2021|title=NY 33 to NY 198 to I-190 in Buffalo |url=https://www.google.com/maps/dir/42.8913475,-78.8673269/42.8809784,-78.8708095/@42.9070764,-78.9073493,13z/am=t/data=!3m1!4b1!4m14!4m13!1m10!3m4!1m2!1d-78.8965902!2d42.9289827!3s0x89d3133b676af6fb:0x3e2c4100558384a8!3m4!1m2!1d-78.8726616!2d42.8767793!3s0x89d312309a08bc51:0x70920247ca865816!1m0!3e0}}</ref> The Scajacquada and Kensington Expressways and the Buffalo Skyway (NY 5) have been targeted for [[Freeway removal in the United States|redesign or removal]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kirst |first1=Sean |title=Should the Skyway stay or go? In Buffalo, a community responds |url=https://buffalonews.com/news/local/should-the-skyway-stay-or-go-in-buffalo-a-community-responds/article_aa8ff6a8-b268-11eb-802e-8fc6ab6a88bf.html |website=[[The Buffalo News]] |access-date=20 May 2021 |language=en |date=May 16, 2021 |archive-date=May 20, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520034311/https://buffalonews.com/news/local/should-the-skyway-stay-or-go-in-buffalo-a-community-responds/article_aa8ff6a8-b268-11eb-802e-8fc6ab6a88bf.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Other major highways include [[U.S. Route 62 in New York|US 62]] on the city's East Side;<ref>{{Google maps |access-date=May 23, 2021|title=US 62 in Buffalo |url=https://www.google.com/maps/dir/42.959792,-78.8139887/2501-2521+US-62,+Buffalo,+NY+14220/@42.8906356,-78.8764653,12.96z/am=t/data=!4m11!4m10!1m0!1m5!1m1!1s0x89d30e3a5e525137:0xd0c2cdccef5f9b7e!2m2!1d-78.8239121!2d42.8317675!2m1!1b1!3e0}}</ref> [[New York State Route 354|NY 354]] and a portion of [[New York State Route 130|NY 130]], both east–west routes;<ref>{{Google maps |access-date=May 23, 2021|title=NY 130 in Buffalo |url=https://www.google.com/maps/dir/42.8969348,-78.8140088/2046-2036+NY-130,+Buffalo,+NY+14212/@42.8996083,-78.8639415,13.28z/data=!4m9!4m8!1m0!1m5!1m1!1s0x89d30d06c4238bb9:0xf3d5d311895f9d32!2m2!1d-78.7995607!2d42.8987313!3e0}} and {{Google maps |access-date=May 23, 2021|title=NY 354 in Buffalo |url=https://www.google.com/maps/dir/42.8858524,-78.8716828/42.8717378,-78.7997522/@42.9036993,-78.8727293,13.08z/data=!4m14!4m13!1m10!3m4!1m2!1d-78.863835!2d42.8837297!3s0x89d31240f58e50db:0x7d489aeb3405d5b5!3m4!1m2!1d-78.8577281!2d42.8825345!3s0x89d3126b2ff41459:0x31a120b51348ee80!1m0!3e0}}</ref> and [[New York State Route 265|NY 265]], [[New York State Route 266|NY 266]] and [[New York State Route 384|NY 384]], all north–south routes on the city's West Side.<ref>{{Google maps |access-date=May 23, 2021|title=NY 266 in Buffalo |url=https://www.google.com/maps/dir/42.9566426,-78.9120174/42.8928545,-78.8842519/@42.9248086,-78.9330377,13z/am=t/data=!3m1!4b1!4m24!4m23!1m20!3m4!1m2!1d-78.9079506!2d42.9471277!3s0x89d36cb50c75e383:0xdc81f2ed8e28d708!3m4!1m2!1d-78.9047975!2d42.9394796!3s0x89d31336724a44c9:0x8d9b9aa4e9ac3d0b!3m4!1m2!1d-78.9019593!2d42.9339801!3s0x89d31339de4ff315:0x33e064d09dfadf10!3m4!1m2!1d-78.8902903!2d42.8992906!3s0x89d313aeb4597201:0x861f6afba08a398f!1m0!3e0}}, {{Google maps |access-date=May 26, 2021|title=NY 265 in Buffalo |url=https://www.google.com/maps/dir/42.9293514,-78.8974098/42.9585706,-78.8892616/@42.9589899,-78.9199288,13z/am=t/data=!3m1!4b1!4m2!4m1!3e0}} and {{Google maps |access-date=May 23, 2021|title=NY 384 in Buffalo |url=https://www.google.com/maps/dir/42.8838519,-78.8789718/42.9586739,-78.8696122/@42.9211684,-78.9069589,13z/am=t/data=!3m1!4b1!4m14!4m13!1m10!3m4!1m2!1d-78.8674291!2d42.9219328!3s0x89d312c20918220d:0x23184edb4300f9fb!3m4!1m2!1d-78.868053!2d42.9437599!3s0x89d36d33a2a30abf:0xafa14f8fb82ff654!1m0!3e0}}</ref> Buffalo has a higher-than-average percentage of households without a car: 30 percent in 2015, decreasing to 28.2 percent in 2016; the 2016 national average was 8.7 percent. Buffalo averaged 1.03 cars per household in 2016, compared to the national average of 1.8.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Maciag |first=Mike |title=Car Ownership in U.S. Cities Data and Map |journal=[[Governing (magazine)|Governing]] |date=December 9, 2014 |url=http://www.governing.com/gov-data/car-ownership-numbers-of-vehicles-by-city-map.html |access-date=May 3, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180511162014/http://www.governing.com/gov-data/car-ownership-numbers-of-vehicles-by-city-map.html |archive-date=May 11, 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:AmherstStStation.jpg|thumb|alt=Passengers entering a subway train|Buffalo Metro Rail train at the [[Amherst Street station]]]]

The [[Niagara Frontier Transportation Authority]] (NFTA) operates the region's public transit, including its airport, light-rail system, buses, and harbors. The NFTA operates 323 buses on 61 lines throughout Western New York.<ref>{{cite web |title=2018 - 2019 Annual Performance Report |url=https://metro.nfta.com/media/xefnkvjb/2019-metro_annual_performance_report.pdf |website=[[Niagara Frontier Transportation Authority]] |access-date=21 May 2021 |date=March 31, 2019 |archive-date=March 24, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200324144150/https://metro.nfta.com/media/xefnkvjb/2019-metro_annual_performance_report.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Buffalo Metro Rail]] is a {{cvt|6.4|mi|km|adj=mid|-long}} line which runs from Canalside to the [[University Heights, Buffalo|University Heights]] district. The line's downtown section, south of the [[Fountain Plaza station]], runs at grade and is free of charge.<ref>{{cite web |title=NFTA-Metro Downtown System Map |url=https://metro.nfta.com/media/u5ojl0a3/nfta-system-map-downtown-20190523.pdf |website=[[Niagara Frontier Transportation Authority]] |access-date=21 May 2021 |archive-date=December 12, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201212132613/https://metro.nfta.com/media/u5ojl0a3/nfta-system-map-downtown-20190523.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> The Buffalo area ranks twenty-third nationwide in transit ridership, with thirty trips per capita per year.<ref name="APTA">{{cite web |last1=Hughes-Cromwick |first1=MacPherson |website=American Public Transport Association |title=2018 Public Transportation Factbook |url=https://www.apta.com/wp-content/uploads/Resources/resources/statistics/Documents/FactBook/2018-APTA-Fact-Book.pdf |access-date=21 May 2021 |pages=26 |archive-date=March 18, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210318165837/https://www.apta.com/wp-content/uploads/Resources/resources/statistics/Documents/FactBook/2018-APTA-Fact-Book.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Proposed expansion of the Buffalo Metro Rail|Expansions have been proposed]] since Buffalo Metro Rail's inception in the 1980s, with the latest plan (in the late 2010s) reaching the town of Amherst.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Watson |first1=Stephen T. |title=Will Amherst embrace Metro rail extension this time? |url=https://buffalonews.com/news/local/will-amherst-embrace-metro-rail-extension-this-time/article_69c9b40a-a670-5e56-a765-64f543d8963f.html |url-access=limited |website=[[The Buffalo News]] |access-date=26 May 2021 |language=en |date=April 24, 2017 |archive-date=May 26, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526183303/https://buffalonews.com/news/local/will-amherst-embrace-metro-rail-extension-this-time/article_69c9b40a-a670-5e56-a765-64f543d8963f.html |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Buffalo Niagara International Airport]] in [[Cheektowaga (town), New York|Cheektowaga]] has daily scheduled flights by domestic, charter and regional carriers.<ref>{{cite web |title=Airport History |url=https://www.buffaloairport.com/about-the-airport/airport-history |website=Buffalo Niagara International Airport |access-date=21 June 2020 |archive-date=June 22, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200622052301/https://www.buffaloairport.com/about-the-airport/airport-history |url-status=live}}</ref> The airport handled nearly five million passengers in 2019.<ref>{{cite web |author1=The Port Authority of NY & NJ |title=2019 Airport Traffic Report |url=https://www.panynj.gov/content/dam/airports/statistics/statistics-general-info/annual-atr/ATR2019.pdf |website=[[Port Authority of NY & NJ]] |access-date=21 May 2021 |page=29 |archive-date=November 27, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127110141/https://www.panynj.gov/content/dam/airports/statistics/statistics-general-info/annual-atr/ATR2019.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> It received a [[J.D. Power]] award in 2018 for customer satisfaction at a mid-sized airport,<ref>{{cite web |last1=McCarthy |first1=Robert J. |title=Buffalo airport celebrates top customer service ranking |url=https://buffalonews.com/news/local/buffalo-airport-celebrates-top-customer-service-ranking/article_9e0dfe49-b35d-5e58-9e4b-4681f502b78f.html |url-access=limited |website=[[The Buffalo News]] |access-date=19 May 2021 |language=en |date=November 28, 2018 |archive-date=May 19, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519232527/https://buffalonews.com/news/local/buffalo-airport-celebrates-top-customer-service-ranking/article_9e0dfe49-b35d-5e58-9e4b-4681f502b78f.html |url-status=live}}</ref> and underwent a $50 million expansion in 2020–21.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Minkewicz |first1=Sarah |title=NFTA unveils new meet and greet area at Buffalo Niagara Airport |url=https://www.wivb.com/news/local-news/nfta-unveils-new-meet-and-greet-area-at-buffalo-niagara-airport/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624203859/https://www.wivb.com/news/local-news/nfta-unveils-new-meet-and-greet-area-at-buffalo-niagara-airport/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 24, 2021 |website=[[WIVB]] |publisher=[[Nexstar Media Group]] |access-date=22 June 2021 |date=2021-06-18 }}</ref> The airport, light rail, small-boat harbor and buses are monitored by the NFTA's [[transit police]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Liberty |first1=Michelle |title=Niagara Frontier Transportation Authority (NFTA) Fact Sheet |url=https://ecommons.cornell.edu/bitstream/handle/1813/73332/Environment__Niagara_Frontier_Transportation_Authority.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |website=Partnership for the Public Good |access-date=25 May 2021 |date=May 3, 2009 |archive-date=May 25, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525014318/https://ecommons.cornell.edu/bitstream/handle/1813/73332/Environment__Niagara_Frontier_Transportation_Authority.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:ReddyRackBuffalo.jpg|thumb|alt=Row of red rental bicycles|Reddy Bikeshare at [[250 Delaware Avenue]]]]

Buffalo has an [[Amtrak]] intercity train station, [[Buffalo–Exchange Street station]], which was rebuilt in 2020.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sommer |first1=Mark |title=Buffalo's new downtown train station draws rave reviews: 'It's gorgeous' |url=https://buffalonews.com/news/local/buffalos-new-downtown-train-station-draws-rave-reviews-its-gorgeous/article_e8f29a02-2485-11eb-ab09-671d46b378cf.html |url-access=limited |website=[[The Buffalo News]] |access-date=21 May 2021 |language=en |date=November 28, 2020 |archive-date=May 21, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521024317/https://buffalonews.com/news/local/buffalos-new-downtown-train-station-draws-rave-reviews-its-gorgeous/article_e8f29a02-2485-11eb-ab09-671d46b378cf.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The city's eastern suburbs are served by Amtrak's [[Buffalo–Depew station]] in [[Depew, New York|Depew]], which was built in 1979. Buffalo was a major stop on through routes between Chicago and New York City through the lower [[Ontario Peninsula]]; trains stopped at [[Buffalo Central Terminal]], which operated from 1929 to 1979.<ref name="drury">{{cite book |last=Drury |first=George H. |title=The Historical Guide to North American Railroads: Histories, Figures, and Features of more than 160 Railroads Abandoned or Merged since 1930 |publisher=[[Kalmbach Publishing]] |year=1994 |location=[[Waukesha, Wisconsin]] |pages=91, 229–231 |isbn=978-0-89024-072-4}}</ref> Intercity buses depart and arrive from the NFTA's [[Buffalo Metropolitan Transportation Center|Metropolitan Transportation Center]] on Ellicott Street.<ref>{{cite web |last1=McCarthy |first1=Robert J. |title=NFTA says moving bus terminal to train station would come with high cost |url=https://buffalonews.com/news/local/nfta-says-moving-bus-terminal-to-train-station-would-come-with-high-cost/article_88d0e35d-489a-5d1a-8e68-5f421dbb25db.html |url-access=limited |website=[[The Buffalo News]] |access-date=21 May 2021 |language=en |date=April 9, 2017 |archive-date=May 21, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521155456/https://buffalonews.com/news/local/nfta-says-moving-bus-terminal-to-train-station-would-come-with-high-cost/article_88d0e35d-489a-5d1a-8e68-5f421dbb25db.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

Since Buffalo adopted a [[complete streets]] policy in 2008, efforts have been made to accommodate cyclists and pedestrians into new infrastructure projects. Improved corridors have [[bike lane]]s,<ref>{{cite web |last1=University at Buffalo |title=Measuring the Impact of Complete Streets Projects: Preliminary Field Testing, Final Report |url=https://www.nyserda.ny.gov/-/media/Files/Publications/Research/Transportation/16-19-Measuring-Impact-of-Complete-Streets-Projects.pdf |website=[[The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine]] |access-date=21 May 2021 |date=December 2016 |archive-date=October 18, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018141600/https://www.nyserda.ny.gov/-/media/Files/Publications/Research/Transportation/16-19-Measuring-Impact-of-Complete-Streets-Projects.pdf |url-status=live |author1-link=University at Buffalo}}</ref> and Niagara Street received [[Cycle track|separate bike lanes]] in 2020.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Nussbaumer |first1=Newell |title=Niagara Street Now... Other Streets Next? |url=https://www.buffalorising.com/2020/07/niagara-street-now-other-streets-next/ |website=[[Buffalo Rising]] |access-date=21 May 2021 |date=2020-07-03 |archive-date=May 21, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521040453/https://www.buffalorising.com/2020/07/niagara-street-now-other-streets-next/ |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Walk Score]] gave Buffalo a "somewhat walkable" rating of 68 out of 100, with Allentown and downtown considered more walkable than other areas of the city.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Scanlon |first1=Scott |title=Can Buffalo Niagara boost its walkability? |url=https://buffalonews.com/entertainment/can-buffalo-niagara-boost-its-walkability/article_212fad0c-c1c6-5d93-83af-d1daddccaacd.html |url-access=limited |website=[[The Buffalo News]] |access-date=24 May 2021 |language=en |date=August 11, 2017 |archive-date=November 20, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201120204701/https://buffalonews.com/entertainment/can-buffalo-niagara-boost-its-walkability/article_212fad0c-c1c6-5d93-83af-d1daddccaacd.html |url-status=live}}</ref>