Editing Bone (section)

===Osteoporosis===
{{Main|Osteoporosis}}
[[File:Osteoporosis in Bones.jpg|thumb|Reduced bone mineral density in Osteoporosis (R), increasing the likelihood of fractures]]
Osteoporosis is a disease of bone where there is reduced [[bone mineral density]], increasing the likelihood of [[bone fracture|fractures]].{{sfn|Davidson|2010|pp=1116–1121}} Osteoporosis is defined in women by the [[World Health Organization]] as a bone mineral density of 2.5 [[standard deviation]]s below peak bone mass, relative to the age and sex-matched average. This density is measured using [[dual energy X-ray absorptiometry]] (DEXA), with the term "established osteoporosis" including the presence of a [[fragility fracture]].<ref name=WHO1994>{{cite journal | vauthors = WHO | title = Assessment of fracture risk and its application to screening for postmenopausal osteoporosis. Report of a WHO Study Group | journal = World Health Organization Technical Report Series | volume = 843 | pages = 1–129 | year = 1994 | pmid = 7941614 }}</ref> Osteoporosis is most common in women after [[menopause]], when it is called "postmenopausal osteoporosis", but may develop in men and premenopausal women in the presence of particular hormonal disorders and other [[Chronic (medicine)|chronic]] diseases or as a result of [[tobacco smoking|smoking]] and [[medications]], specifically [[glucocorticoid]]s.{{sfn|Davidson|2010|pp=1116–1121}} Osteoporosis usually has no symptoms until a fracture occurs.{{sfn|Davidson|2010|pp=1116–1121}} For this reason, DEXA scans are often done in people with one or more risk factors, who have developed osteoporosis and are at risk of fracture.{{sfn|Davidson|2010|pp=1116–1121}}

One of the most important risk factors for [[osteoporosis]] is [[ageing|advanced age]]. Accumulation of oxidative [[DNA damage (naturally occurring)|DNA damage]] in [[osteocyte|osteoblastic]] and [[osteoclast]]ic cells appears to be a key factor in age-related osteoporosis.<ref>Chen Q, Liu K, Robinson AR, et al. DNA damage drives accelerated bone aging via an NF-κB-dependent mechanism. J Bone Miner Res. 2013;28(5):1214-1228. {{doi|10.1002/jbmr.1851}}</ref>

Osteoporosis treatment includes advice to stop smoking, decrease alcohol consumption, exercise regularly, and have a healthy diet. [[Calcium]] and [[trace mineral]] supplements may also be advised, as may [[Vitamin D]]. When medication is used, it may include [[bisphosphonate]]s, [[Strontium ranelate]], and [[hormone replacement therapy]].<ref name=DAVIDSONS2010>{{harvnb|Davidson|2010|pages=1116–1121}}</ref>