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===Sources=== {{refbegin|30em}} * {{cite book |last1=Achatz |first1=Thomas |last2=Anderson |first2=John G. |title=Technical Shop Mathematics |date=2005 |publisher=Industrial Press Inc. |isbn=978-0-8311-3086-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YOdtemSmzQQC&pg=PA18 |language=en}} * {{cite book |last1=Adamowicz |first1=Zofia |editor1-last=Joseph |editor1-first=Anthony |editor2-last=Mignot |editor2-first=Fulbert |editor3-last=Murat |editor3-first=François |editor4-last=Prum |editor4-first=Bernard |editor5-last=Rentschler |editor5-first=Rudolf |title=First European Congress of Mathematics: Paris, July 6-10, 1992 Volume I Invited Lectures (Part 1) |date=1994 |pages=299–320 |publisher=Birkhäuser |isbn=978-3-0348-9110-3 |language=en |chapter=The Power of Exponentiation in Arithmetic|doi=10.1007/978-3-0348-9110-3_9 }} * {{cite book |last1=Adhami |first1=Reza |last2=Meenen |first2=Peter M. |last3=Meenen |first3=Peter |last4=Hite |first4=Denis |title=Fundamental Concepts in Electrical and Computer Engineering with Practical Design Problems |date=2007 |publisher=Universal-Publishers |isbn=978-1-58112-971-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9nqkVbFPutYC&pg=PA77 |language=en}} * {{cite journal |last1=Ali Rahman |first1=Ernna Sukinnah |last2=Shahrill |first2=Masitah |last3=Abbas |first3=Nor Arifahwati |last4=Tan |first4=Abby |title=Developing Students' Mathematical Skills Involving Order of Operations |journal=International Journal of Research in Education and Science |date=2017 |page=373 |doi=10.21890/ijres.327896|doi-broken-date=12 December 2024 }} * {{cite book |last1=Ang |first1=Tian Se |last2=Lam |first2=Lay Yong |title=Fleeting Footsteps: Tracing The Conception Of Arithmetic And Algebra In Ancient China |date=2004 |publisher=World Scientific |isbn=978-981-4483-60-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GxDJCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA170 |language=en |edition=Revised }} * {{cite book |last1=Asano |first1=Akihito |title=An Introduction to Mathematics for Economics |date=2013 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-00760-4 }} * {{cite book |last1=Askew |first1=Mike |editor1-last=Ian |editor1-first=Thompson |title=Issues In Teaching Numeracy In Primary Schools |date=2010 |publisher=McGraw-Hill Education (UK) |isbn=978-0-335-24153-8 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yqbSaXf0RKwC&pg=PA33 |language=en |chapter=It Ain't (Just) What You Do: Effective Teachers of Numeracy}} * {{cite book |last1=Aubrey |first1=Carol |title=A Developmental Approach to Early Numeracy: Helping to Raise Children's Achievements and Deal with Difficulties in Learning |date=1999 |publisher=A&C Black |isbn=978-1-4411-9164-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_NhpY_VPdCsC&pg=PA49 |language=en}} * {{cite web |last1=Bagaria |first1=Joan |title=Set Theory |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/set-theory/ |website=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University |access-date=19 November 2023 |date=2023 }} * {{cite book |last1=Barnes |first1=Andrew J. |last2=Rice |first2=Thomase |last3=Hanoch |first3=Yaniv |chapter=Using Behavioral Economics to Improve People's Decisions About Purchasing Health Insurance |editor-last1=Hanoch |editor-first1=Yaniv |editor-last2=Barnes |editor-first2=Andrew |editor-last3=Rice |editor-first3=Thomas |title=Behavioral Economics and Healthy Behaviors: Key Concepts and Current Research |date=2017 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-317-26952-6 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yzMlDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA196 |language=en}} * {{cite book |last1=Berch |first1=Daniel B. |last2=Geary |first2=David C. |last3=Koepke |first3=Kathleen Mann |title=Development of Mathematical Cognition: Neural Substrates and Genetic Influences |date=2015 |publisher=Academic Press |isbn=978-0-12-801909-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XS9OBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA124 |language=en}} * {{cite book |last1=Bird |first1=John |title=Bird's Engineering Mathematics |date=2021 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-0-367-64378-2 |language=en}} * {{cite book |last1=Bloch |first1=Ethan D. |title=The Real Numbers and Real Analysis |date=2011 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-0-387-72177-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vXw_AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA52 |language=en}} * {{cite web |last=Bohacek |first=Peter |year=2009 |title=Introduction to Measurement |website=Teaching Quantitative Skills in the Geosciences |publisher=Carleton College Science Education Resource Center; 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A. |last2=Nechaev |first2=V. I. |title=Elementary Number Theory |url=https://encyclopediaofmath.org/wiki/Elementary_number_theory |website=Encyclopedia of Mathematics |publisher=Springer |access-date=23 October 2023 |date=2014 }} * {{cite web |last1=Bukhshtab |first1=A. A. |last2=Nechaev |first2=V. I. |title=Natural Number |url=https://encyclopediaofmath.org/wiki/Natural_number |website=Encyclopedia of Mathematics |publisher=Springer |access-date=23 October 2023 |date=2016 }} * {{cite web |last1=Bukhshtab |first1=A. A. |last2=Pechaev |first2=V. I. |title=Arithmetic |url=https://encyclopediaofmath.org/wiki/Arithmetic |website=Encyclopedia of Mathematics |publisher=Springer |access-date=23 October 2023 |date=2020 }} * {{cite book |last1=Burgin |first1=Mark |title=Trilogy Of Numbers And Arithmetic - Book 1: History Of Numbers And Arithmetic: An Information Perspective |date=2022 |publisher=World Scientific |isbn=978-981-12-3685-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rWF2EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA25 |language=en}} * {{cite book |last1=Cafaro |first1=Massimo |last2=Epicoco |first2=Italo |last3=Pulimeno |first3=Marco |title=Encyclopedia of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology: ABC of Bioinformatics |date=2018 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-12-811432-2 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rs51DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA7 |language=en |chapter=Techniques for Designing Bioinformatics Algorithms}} * {{cite book |last1=Cai |first1=Tianxin |title=A Brief History of Mathematics: A Promenade Through the Civilizations of Our World |date=2023 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-3-031-26841-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DFLNEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA110 |language=en}} * {{cite book |last1=Campbell |first1=Stephen R. |chapter=Understanding Elementary Number Theory in Relation to Arithmetic and Algebra |editor-last1=Zazkis |editor-first1=Rina |editor-last2=Campbell |editor-first2=Stephen R. |title=Number Theory in Mathematics Education: Perspectives and Prospects |date=2012 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-50143-2 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yoEFp-Q2OXIC&pg=PT33 |language=en}} * {{cite book |last1=Campbell-Kelly |first1=Martin |last2=Croarken |first2=Mary |last3=Flood |first3=Raymond |last4=Robson |first4=Eleanor |title=The History of Mathematical Tables: From Sumer to Spreadsheets |date=2007 |publisher=OUP |isbn=978-0-19-850841-0 |language=en}} * {{cite journal |last1=Caprio |first1=Michele |last2=Aveni |first2=Andrea |last3=Mukherjee |first3=Sayan |title=Concerning Three Classes of Non-Diophantine Arithmetics |journal=Involve: A Journal of Mathematics |date=2022 |volume=15 |issue=5 |pages=763–774 |doi=10.2140/involve.2022.15.763|arxiv=2102.04197 |s2cid=231847291 }} * {{cite book |last1=Carraher |first1=David W. |last2=Schliemann |first2=Analucia D. |editor1-last=English |editor1-first=Lyn D.|editor1-link=Lyn English |editor2-last=Kirshner |editor2-first=David |title=Handbook of International Research in Mathematics Education |date=2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-62664-9 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lpFGCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA197 |language=en |chapter=Powerful Ideas in Elementary School Mathematics}} * {{cite book |last1=Cavanagh |first1=Joseph |title=Computer Arithmetic and Verilog HDL Fundamentals |date=2017 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-1-351-83411-7 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pAlEDwAAQBAJ&pg=SA5-PA32 |chapter-url-access=limited |language=en |chapter=6. Fixed-Point Multiplication}} * {{cite book |last1=Chakraverty |first1=Snehashish |last2=Rout |first2=Saudamini |title=Affine Arithmetic Based Solution of Uncertain Static and Dynamic Problems |date=2022 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-3-031-02424-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D4ByEAAAQBAJ |language=en}} * {{cite book |last1=Chemla |first1=Karine |last2=Keller |first2=Agathe |last3=Proust |first3=Christine |title=Cultures of Computation and Quantification in the Ancient World: Numbers, Measurements, and Operations in Documents from Mesopotamia, China and South Asia |date=2023 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-3-030-98361-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=afKkEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA47 |language=en}} * {{cite book |last1=Cignoni |first1=Gioanni A. |last2=Cossu |first2=Giovanni A. |chapter=The Global Virtual Museum of Information Science & Technology, a Project Idea |editor-last1=Tatnall |editor-first1=Arthur |editor-last2=Leslie |editor-first2=Christopher |title=International Communities of Invention and Innovation: IFIP WG 9.7 International Conference on the History of Computing, HC 2016, Brooklyn, NY, USA, May 25-29, 2016, Revised Selected Papers |date=2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-319-49463-0 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LridDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA103 |language=en}} * {{cite book |last1=Cohen |first1=Joel S. |title=Computer Algebra and Symbolic Computation: Mathematical Methods |date=2003 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-1-4398-6370-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=URK2DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA37 |language=en}} * {{cite web |last1=Colyvan |first1=Mark |title=Indispensability Arguments in the Philosophy of Mathematics |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/mathphil-indis/ |website=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University |access-date=20 March 2024 |date=2023 }} * {{cite book |last1=Confrey |first1=Jere |editor1-last=Harel |editor1-first=Guershon |editor2-last=Confrey |editor2-first=Jere |title=The Development of Multiplicative Reasoning in the Learning of Mathematics |date=1994 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=978-1-4384-0580-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4MwZlzgvaGYC |language=en |chapter=Splitting, Similarity, and Rate of Change: A New Approach to Multiplication and Exponential Functions}} * {{cite book |last1=Conradie |first1=Willem |last2=Goranko |first2=Valentin |title=Logic and Discrete Mathematics: A Concise Introduction |date=2015 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-118-76109-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D3jCCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA268 |language=en}} * {{cite book |last1=Cryer |first1=C. W. |title=A Math Primer for Engineers |date=2014 |publisher=IOS Press |isbn=978-1-61499-299-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_x3pAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA450 |language=en}} * {{cite book |last1=Cunningham |first1=Daniel W. |title=Set Theory: A First Course |date=2016 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-316-68204-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fdigDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA83 |language=en}} * {{cite book |last1=Curley |first1=Robert |title=Computing: From the Abacus to the iPad |date=2011 |publisher=Britannica Educational Publishing |isbn=978-1-61530-707-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EdGbAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA5 |language=en}} * {{cite book |last1=Cuyt |first1=Annie A. M. |author1-link=Annie Cuyt |last2=Petersen |first2=Vigdis |last3=Verdonk |first3=Brigitte |last4=Waadeland |first4=Haakon |last5=Jones |first5=William B. |title=Handbook of Continued Fractions for Special Functions |date=2008 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-1-4020-6949-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DQtpJaEs4NIC&pg=PA182 |language=en}} * {{cite book |last1=Davis |first1=Andrew |last2=Goulding |first2=Maria |last3=Suggate |first3=Jennifer |title=Mathematical Knowledge for Primary Teachers |date=2017 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-317-21901-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7T8lDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA11 |language=en}} * {{cite book |last1=De Cruz |first1=Helen |last2=Neth |first2=Hansjörg |last3=Schlimm |first3=Dirk |editor1-last=Löwe |editor1-first=Benedikt |editor2-last=Müller |editor2-first=Thomas |title=PhiMSAMP: Philosophy of Mathematics : Sociological Aspsects and Mathematical Practice |date=2010 |publisher=College Publications |isbn=978-1-904987-95-6 |url=https://kops.uni-konstanz.de/server/api/core/bitstreams/08a99b71-10aa-4c26-8cd0-9fff4e1e5427/content |language=en |chapter=The Cognitive Basis of Arithmetic}} * {{cite book |last1=Dowker |first1=Ann |title=Individual Differences in Arithmetic: Implications for Psychology, Neuroscience and Education |date=2019 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-62743-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GQaQDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA114 |language=en}} * {{cite book |last1=Dreeben-Irimia |first1=Olga |title=Patient Education in Rehabilitation |date=2010 |publisher=Jones & Bartlett Publishers |isbn=978-1-4496-1775-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L3gqsXsoiiAC&pg=PA102 |language=en}} * {{cite book |last=Drosg |first=Manfred |year=2007 |title=Dealing with Uncertainties |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-540-29606-5 }} * {{cite book |last1=Duffy |first1=Daniel J. |title=Financial Instrument Pricing Using C++ |date=2018 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-119-17048-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BTttDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT1225 |language=en}} * {{cite book |last1=Duverney |first1=Daniel |title=Number Theory: An Elementary Introduction Through Diophantine Problems |date=2010 |publisher=World Scientific |isbn=978-981-4307-46-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sr5S9oN1xPAC&pg=PR5 |language=en}} * {{cite book |last1=Ebby |first1=Caroline B. |last2=Hulbert |first2=Elizabeth T. |last3=Broadhead |first3=Rachel M. |title=A Focus on Addition and Subtraction: Bringing Mathematics Education Research to the Classroom |date=2020 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-000-22087-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=shEHEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA24 |language=en}} * {{cite book |last1=Emerson |first1=Jane |last2=Babtie |first2=Patricia |title=The Dyscalculia Solution: Teaching Number Sense |date=2014 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-4729-2099-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NQ-aBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA147 |language=en}} * {{cite book |last1=Eriksson |first1=Kenneth |last2=Estep |first2=Donald |last3=Johnson |first3=Claes |title=Applied Mathematics: Body and Soul: Volume 2: Integrals and Geometry in IRn |date=2013 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-3-662-05798-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FD8mBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA474 |language=en}} * {{cite book |last1=Farmer |first1=William M. |title=Simple Type Theory: A Practical Logic for Expressing and Reasoning About Mathematical Ideas |date=2023 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-3-031-21112-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VfOkEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA139 |language=en}} * {{cite book |last1=Ferreiros |first1=Jose |title=Labyrinth of Thought: A History of Set Theory and Its Role in Modern Mathematics |date=2013 |publisher=Birkhäuser |isbn=978-3-0348-5049-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-WL0BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA251 |language=en}} * {{cite book |last1=Gallistel |first1=C. R. |last2=Gelman |first2=R. |year=2005 |chapter=Mathematical Cognition |editor1-last=Holyoak |editor1-first=K. J. |editor2-last=Morrison |editor2-first=R. G. |title=The Cambridge Handbook of Thinking and Reasoning |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-53101-6}} * {{cite book |last1=Geary |first1=David C. |chapter=Development of Mathematical Understanding |editor-last1=Damon |editor-first1=William |editor-last2=Lerner |editor-first2=Richard M. |editor-last3=Kuhn |editor-first3=Deanna |editor-last4=Siegler |editor-first4=Robert S. |title=Handbook of Child Psychology, Cognition, Perception, and Language |date=2006 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-0-470-05054-5 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bLZyrZHd1QkC&pg=PA796 |language=en}} * {{cite book |last1=Gellert |first1=W. |last2=Hellwich |first2=M. |last3=Kästner |first3=H. |last4=Küstner |first4=H. |title=The VNR Concise Encyclopedia of Mathematics |date=2012 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-94-011-6982-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1jH7CAAAQBAJ&pg=PA33 |language=en}} * {{cite journal |last1=Gerardi |first1=Kristopher |last2=Goette |first2=Lorenz |last3=Meier |first3=Stephan |title=Numerical Ability Predicts Mortgage Default |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |date=2013 |volume=110 |issue=28 |pages=11267–11271 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1220568110 |pmid=23798401 |pmc=3710828 |bibcode=2013PNAS..11011267G |doi-access=free }} * {{cite book |last1=Goodstein |first1=R. L. |title=Fundamental Concepts of Mathematics |date=2014 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-1-4831-5405-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EHjiBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA33 |language=en}} * {{cite journal |last1=Grice |first1=Matt |last2=Kemp |first2=Simon |last3=Morton |first3=Nicola J. |last4=Grace |first4=Randolph C. |title=The Psychological Scaffolding of Arithmetic |journal=Psychological Review |date=2023 |volume=131 |issue=2 |pages=494–522 |doi=10.1037/rev0000431|pmid=37358523 |s2cid=259251163 |url=https://psyarxiv.com/myq4n/ }} * {{cite book |last1=Grigorieva |first1=Ellina |title=Methods of Solving Number Theory Problems |date=2018 |publisher=Birkhäuser |isbn=978-3-319-90915-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mEpjDwAAQBAJ&pg=PR8 |language=en}} * {{cite journal |last=Griffin |first=Carroll W. |title=Significant Figures |journal=National Mathematics Magazine |year=1935 |volume=10 |number=1 |pages=20–24 |doi=10.2307/3028249 |jstor=3028249}} * {{cite book |last1=Gupta |first1=Rajesh Kumar |title=Numerical Methods: Fundamentals and Applications |date=2019 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-68660-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vcmcDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA3 |language=en}} * {{cite book |last1=Hafstrom |first1=John Edward |title=Basic Concepts in Modern Mathematics |date=2013 |publisher=Courier Corporation |isbn=978-0-486-31627-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mj_DAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA6 |language=en}} * {{cite book |last1=Hamilton |first1=Norman T. |last2=Landin |first2=Joseph |title=Set Theory: The Structure of Arithmetic |date=2018 |publisher=Courier Dover Publications |isbn=978-0-486-83047-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9aReDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA133 |language=en}} * {{cite book |last1=Hart |first1=Roger |title=The Chinese Roots of Linear Algebra |date=2011 |publisher=JHU Press |isbn=978-0-8018-9958-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zLPm3xE2qWgC&pg=PA69 |language=en}} * {{cite book |last1=Haylock |first1=Derek |last2=Cockburn |first2=Anne D. |title=Understanding Mathematics for Young Children: A Guide for Foundation Stage and Lower Primary Teachers |date=2008 |publisher=SAGE |isbn=978-1-4462-0497-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hgAr3maZeQUC&pg=PA49 |language=en}} * {{cite web |last1=HC staff |title=Numeral |url=https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=numeral&submit.x=58&submit.y=14 |website=American Heritage Dictionary |publisher=HarperCollins |access-date=11 November 2023 |date=2022 }} * {{cite web |last1=HC staff |title=Number System |url=https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=number+system&submit.x=58&submit.y=14 |website=American Heritage Dictionary |publisher=HarperCollins |access-date=11 November 2023 |date=2022a }} * {{cite web |author1=HC staff |title=Arithmetic |url=https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=arithmetic&submit.x=58&submit.y=14 |website=American Heritage Dictionary |publisher=HarperCollins |access-date=19 October 2023 |date=2022b }} * {{cite book 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Disentangling the Carry Effect in Multi-digit Addition |journal=Acta Psychologica |date=2010 |volume=135 |issue=1 |pages=67–76 |doi=10.1016/j.actpsy.2010.06.002|pmid=20580340 |doi-access=free }} * {{cite book |last1=Klein |first1=Andreas |title=Stream Ciphers |date=2013 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-1-4471-5079-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GYpEAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA249 |language=en}} * {{cite book |last1=Klein |first1=Jacob |title=Greek Mathematical Thought and the Origin of Algebra |date=2013a |publisher=Courier Corporation |isbn=978-0-486-31981-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EkPDAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT12 |language=en}} * {{cite book |last1=Kleiner |first1=Israel |title=Excursions in the History of Mathematics |date=2012 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-0-8176-8268-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7NcEIteAfyYC&pg=PA255 |language=en}} * {{cite book |last1=Klose |first1=Orval M. |title=The Number Systems and Operations of Arithmetic: An Explanation of the Fundamental Principles of Mathematics Which Underlie the Understanding and Use of Arithmetic, Designed for In-Service Training of Elementary School Teachers Candidates Service Training of Elementary School Teacher Candidates |date=2014 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-1-4831-3709-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rG7iBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA110 |language=en}} * {{cite book |last1=Knobloch |first1=Eberhard |last2=Komatsu |first2=Hikosaburo |last3=Liu |first3=Dun |title=Seki, Founder of Modern Mathematics in Japan: A Commemoration on His Tercentenary |date=2013 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-4-431-54273-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JgDFBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA123 |language=en}} * {{cite book |last1=Koepf |first1=Wolfram |title=Computer Algebra: An Algorithm-Oriented Introduction |date=2021 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-3-030-78017-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rOU3EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA49 |language=en}} * {{cite book |last1=Koetsier |first1=Teun |title=The Ascent of GIM, the Global Intelligent Machine: A History of Production and Information Machines |date=2018 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-319-96547-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9jF7DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA255 |language=en}} * {{cite book |last1=Koren |first1=Israel |title=Computer Arithmetic Algorithms |date=2018 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-1-4398-6371-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wUBZDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA71 |language=en}} * {{cite book |last1=Körner |first1=T. 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Lessons From Cognitive Science and Montessori Education |journal=SAGE Open |date=2015 |volume=5 |issue=2 |doi=10.1177/2158244015589588|s2cid=11722953 |doi-access=free |hdl=1808/20642 |hdl-access=free }} * {{cite book |editor1-last=Lerner |editor1-first=Brenda Wilmoth |editor2-last=Lerner |editor2-first=K. 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Baker |last3=Cloud |first3=Michael J. |title=Introduction to Interval Analysis |date=2009 |publisher=SIAM |isbn=978-0-89871-669-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kd8FmmN7sAoC&pg=PA10 |language=en}} * {{cite book |last1=Muller |first1=Jean-Michel |last2=Brisebarre |first2=Nicolas |last3=Dinechin |first3=Florent de |last4=Jeannerod |first4=Claude-Pierre |last5=Lefèvre |first5=Vincent |last6=Melquiond |first6=Guillaume |last7=Revol |first7=Nathalie |author7-link=Nathalie Revol|last8=Stehlé |first8=Damien |last9=Torres |first9=Serge |title=Handbook of Floating-Point Arithmetic |date=2009 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-0-8176-4705-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=baFvrIOPvncC&pg=PA13 |language=en}} * {{cite book |last1=Muller |first1=Jean-Michel |last2=Brunie |first2=Nicolas |last3=Dinechin |first3=Florent de |last4=Jeannerod |first4=Claude-Pierre |last5=Joldes |first5=Mioara |last6=Lefèvre |first6=Vincent |last7=Melquiond |first7=Guillaume |last8=Revol |first8=Nathalie|author8-link=Nathalie Revol |last9=Torres |first9=Serge |title=Handbook of Floating-Point Arithmetic |date=2018 |publisher=Birkhäuser |isbn=978-3-319-76526-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h3ZZDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA539 |language=en}} * {{cite book |last1=Musser |first1=Gary L. |last2=Peterson |first2=Blake E. |last3=Burger |first3=William F. |title=Mathematics for Elementary Teachers: A Contemporary Approach |date=2013 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-118-48700-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8jh7DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA347 |language=en}} * {{cite web |author1=MW staff |title=Definition of Arithmetic |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/arithmetic |website=www.merriam-webster.com |access-date=19 October 2023 |language=en |date=2023 }} * {{cite book |last1=Nagel |first1=Rob |title=U-X-L Encyclopedia of Science |date=2002 |publisher=U-X-L |isbn=978-0-7876-5440-5 |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/science-and-technology/mathematics/mathematics/arithmetic |language=en}} * {{cite book |last1=Nagel |first1=Ernest |last2=Newman |first2=James Roy |title=Godel's Proof |date=2008 |publisher=NYU Press |isbn=978-0-8147-5837-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WgwUCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA4 |language=en}} * {{cite book |last1=Nakov |first1=Svetlin |last2=Kolev |first2=Veselin |title=Fundamentals of Computer Programming with C#: The Bulgarian C# Book |date=2013 |publisher=Faber Publishing |isbn=978-954-400-773-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xYgCAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA271 |language=en}} * {{cite web |author1=NCTM Staff |title=Number and Operations |url=https://www.nctm.org/Standards-and-Positions/Principles-and-Standards/Number-and-Operations/ |website=www.nctm.org |publisher=National Council of Teachers of Mathematics |access-date=21 November 2023}} * {{cite book |last1=Nelson |first1=Gerald |title=English: An Essential Grammar |date=2019 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-351-12273-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xTiDDwAAQBAJ&pg=PR31 |language=en}} * {{cite book |last1=Null |first1=Linda |last2=Lobur |first2=Julia |title=The Essentials of Computer Organization and Architecture |date=2006 |publisher=Jones & Bartlett Learning |isbn=978-0-7637-3769-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QGPHAl9GE-IC&pg=PA40 |language=en}} * {{cite book |last1=Nurnberger-Haag |first1=Julie |editor1-last=Jao |editor1-first=Limin |editor2-last=Radakovic |editor2-first=Nenad |title=Transdisciplinarity in Mathematics Education: Blurring Disciplinary Boundaries |date=2017 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-319-63624-5 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Uls6DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA215 |language=en |chapter=Borrow, Trade, Regroup, or Unpack? 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