Editing Antisemitism in Islam (section)

===20th century===
==== Origins ====
{{See also|Rashid Rida#On Zionism|Aftermath of World War I|Rashid Rida's World War Era Activities#Condemnation of the Post-War World Order|label 1=Anti-Zionist Campaign of Rashid Rida|label 3=Rashid Rida's Condemnation of Post-World War Order}}
The origins of modern antisemitic trends in the [[Muslim world|Islamic World]] can be traced back to the ideas of the [[Syrians|Syrian]]-[[Egyptians|Egyptian]] [[Salafi movement|Salafist]] theologian [[Rashid Rida|Muhammad Rashid Rida]] (1865–1935 CE), who turned highly antisemitic after the [[British Empire|British imperial]] designs on the [[Arab world|Arab World]] after [[World War I|World War 1]] and their co-operation with [[Zionism|Zionists]] to further British objectives. [[1988 Hamas charter|The 1988 Hamas Charter]], and particularly its Articles 7 and 22, represented a condensed version of the [[Pan-Islamism|pan-Islamist]] anti-Jewish ideas cultivated by Rashid Rida. Rida believed that the international Jewry [[Stab-in-the-back myth|contributed to Germany's defeat]] in the First World War; in exchange for [[Balfour Declaration|Britain's promise]] to grant them Palestine. Furthermore; he asserted that they controlled Western Banking System and Capitalist system, created [[Communism]] in [[Eastern Europe]] and led [[Freemasonry]] to plot against World Nations. He also drew from Islamic traditions that displayed hostility to Jews and popularised them; rendering the conflict with the Zionists an apocalyptic religious dimension. Rida would persistently cite ''[[hadith]]s'' regarding the [[Islamic eschatology|End Times]] Jewish-Muslim conflicts; some of which would be included in the future Charter of [[Hamas]], such as:<ref>{{Cite book|last=McHugo|first=John|title=A CONCISE HISTORY OF THE ARABS|publisher=The New Press|year=2013|isbn=978-1-59558-950-7|location=The New Press, 38 Greene Street, New York, NY 10013|pages=162–163}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Achcar|first=Gilbert|title=The Arabs and the Holocaust:The Arab-Israeli War of Narratives|publisher=Actes Sud|year=2010|isbn=978-0-86356-835-0|location=26 Westbourne Grove, London w2 5RH, UK|pages=208, 250}}</ref>
<blockquote>The Jews will fight you and you will be led to dominate them until the rock cries out: "O Muslim! There is a Jew hiding behind me, kill him!"</blockquote>Rashid Rida condemned the Jews for their arrogance towards the [[Prophets and messengers in Islam|Prophets]] and arraigned them for abandoning religious values for materialism, all which made them recipients of Divine Wrath; which led to their downfall. He asserted that [[Allah]] decreed Muslims to construct [[Al-Aqsa Mosque|Masjid al-Aqsa]] in the ruins of the [[Temple in Jerusalem]] and favoured Muslims to rule the [[Holy Land]]s by implementing ''[[Sharia|shari'a]]'' (Islamic law) and upholding ''[[Tawhid]]''. Rashid Rida's anti-Zionism was part of his wider campaign as a towering figure in the [[Pan-Islamism|Pan-Islamist]] movement and would immensely impact subsequent Islamist, Jihadist and anti-colonial activists.<ref name="Ryad 2022 1–18">{{Cite journal |last=Ryad |first=Umar |date=2022 |title=From the Dreyfus Affair to Zionism in Palestine: Rashid Riḍā's Views of Jews in Relation to the 'Christian' Colonial West |url=https://er.ceres.rub.de/index.php/ER/article/view/9762/9312 |journal=Entangled Religions |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=1–18 |doi=10.46586/er.11.2022.9762 |s2cid=251877486 |via=Ruhr Universitat Bochum|doi-access=free }}</ref> He also severely rebuked [[Christian Zionism|Christian Zionists]], writing:
{{Blockquote|text="It was astonishing that the intrigues of the Jews seduced many of the Christians of Europe and America by convincing them that believing in the Bible requires helping them to return to Palestine and the possession of Jerusalem … etc., as a confirmation to the prophets and a realization of the appearance of Jesus regarding whose person and deeds the two groups [Jewish and Christian] differed [in their interpretation]. The Jews refer to their Messiah as the earthly king who will come to restore the kingdom of Solomon, whereas the Christians refer to Jesus, son of Mary, who will return in His kingdom to judge the world."|title=Al-Manar 30/7 pg. 555|source=<ref name="Ryad 2022 1–18">{{Cite journal |last=Ryad |first=Umar |date=2022 |title=From the Dreyfus Affair to Zionism in Palestine: Rashid Riḍā's Views of Jews in Relation to the 'Christian' Colonial West |url=https://er.ceres.rub.de/index.php/ER/article/view/9762/9312 |journal=Entangled Religions |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=1–18 |doi=10.46586/er.11.2022.9762 |s2cid=251877486 |via=Ruhr Universitat Bochum|doi-access=free }}</ref>|character=Muhammad Rashid Rida}}

==== Early massacres ====
The massacres of Jews in Muslim countries continued into the 20th century. The Jewish quarter in Fez was almost destroyed by a Muslim mob in 1912.<ref name="Morris10" /> There were [[Nazism|Nazi]]-inspired pogroms in [[Algeria]] in the 1930s, and massive attacks on the Jews in [[Iraq]] and [[Libya]] in the 1940s (see [[Farhud]]). Pro-Nazi Muslims slaughtered dozens of Jews in Baghdad in 1941.<ref name="Morris10" />

American academic [[Bernard Lewis]] and others have charged that standard antisemitic themes have become commonplace in the publications of Arab Islamist movements such as [[Hezbollah]] and [[Hamas]], in the pronouncements of various agencies of the [[Islamic Republic of Iran]], and even in the newspapers and other publications of [[Refah Partisi]], the Turkish Islamic party whose head served as [[prime minister]] in 1996–97."<ref name="autogenerated2" /> Lewis has also written that the language of abuse is often quite strong, arguing that the conventional epithets for Jews and Christians are apes and pigs, respectively.<ref>Lewis (1984) pp. 33–34</ref>

On 1 March 1994, [[1994 Brooklyn Bridge shooting|Rashid Baz]], an American Muslim living in Brooklyn, New York, shot at a van carrying Hassidic Jewish students over the Brooklyn Bridge. The students were returning to Brooklyn after visiting their ailing leader, the Lubavitcher Rebbe, who suffered a stroke two years earlier. Ari Halberstam, one of the students, was killed. Others were wounded. Baz was quoted in his confession in 2007 as saying, "I only shot them because they were Jewish."

====Relations between Nazi Germany and Muslim countries====
{{Main|Relations between Nazi Germany and the Arab world}}
{{Further|Mein Kampf in Arabic|Nazi propaganda|Religious views of Adolf Hitler}}
[[File:Allepo1947.jpg|thumb|Burning synagogue in [[Aleppo]] in 1947]]

Some [[Arabs]] found common cause with [[Nazi Germany]] against colonial regimes in the [[Middle East]]. [[Relations between Nazi Germany and the Arab world|The influence of the Nazis grew in the Arab world during the 1930s]].<ref>Lewis (1999) p. 147</ref> [[Egypt]], [[Syria]], and [[Iran]] are claimed to have harbored Nazi war criminals, though they have rejected this charge.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.adl.org/holocaust/Denial_ME/hdme_genocide_denial.asp |title=Holocaust Denial in the Middle East: The Latest anti-Israel, Anti-Semitic Propaganda Theme|year=2001 |publisher=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070913104923/http://www.adl.org/holocaust/Denial_ME/hdme_genocide_denial.asp |archive-date=13 September 2007 }}</ref> With the recruiting help of the [[Grand Mufti of Jerusalem]], [[Amin al-Husseini]], the [[13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian)|13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS ''Handschar'']], mostly formed by Muslims in 1943, was the first non-Germanic [[Schutzstaffel|SS]] division.<ref>{{cite book|first=Jozo|last=Tomasevich|title=War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: Occupation and Collaboration|volume=2|publisher=Stanford University Press|year=2001 |location=San Francisco |isbn=978-0-8047-3615-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fqUSGevFe5MC |ref=Tomasevich_2001 | access-date= 24 December 2011 | page =496}}</ref>

=====Amin al-Husseini=====
{{Main|Amin al-Husseini}}
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 146-1987-004-09A, Amin al Husseini und Adolf Hitler.jpg|230px|thumb|right|[[Amin al-Husseini]], Grand Mufti of Jerusalem and the chairman of the Supreme Islamic Council meeting with [[Adolf Hitler]] (December 1941)]]
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 146-1978-070-04A, Amin al Husseini bei bosnischen SS-Freiwilligen.jpg|230px|thumb|right|November 1943: al-Husseini greeting [[Bosniaks#Yugoslavia and World War II|Bosnian Muslim]] [[Waffen-SS]] volunteers with a [[Nazi salute]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Fisk |first=Robert |author-link=Robert Fisk |year=2007 |orig-year=2005 |title=[[The Great War for Civilisation|The Great War for Civilisation: The Conquest of the Middle East]] |location=[[London]] |publisher=[[Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group]] |page=459 |isbn=978-0-307-42871-4 |oclc=84904295}}</ref> At left is SS General [[Karl-Gustav Sauberzweig]].]]
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 101III-Mielke-036-23, Waffen-SS, 13. Gebirgs-Div. "Handschar".jpg|230px|thumb|right|[[Bosniaks#Yugoslavia and World War II|Bosnian Muslim]] soldiers of the [[13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian)|SS "Handschar"]] reading a [[Nazi propaganda]] book, ''Islam und Judentum'', in [[German occupation of France during World War II|Nazi-occupied Southern France]] ([[German Federal Archives|Bundesarchiv]], June 1943)]]

The [[Grand Mufti of Jerusalem]], [[Amin al-Husseini]], a pupil of [[Rashid Rida|Muhammad Rashid Rida]], attempted to create an alliance with [[Nazi Germany]] and [[Fascist Italy (1922–1943)|Fascist Italy]] in order to obstruct the [[Homeland for the Jewish people|creation of a Jewish homeland]] in [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]], and hinder any emigration by [[Jewish refugees from Nazi Germany|Jewish refugees]] from [[the Holocaust]] there. Historians debate to what extent al-Husseini's fierce opposition to [[Zionism]] was based on [[Arab nationalism]] or [[antisemitism]], or a combination of the two.<ref name="rouleau">[[Eric Rouleau]], ''[http://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/1994/08/ROULEAU/646 Qui était le mufti de Jérusalem ?] (Who was the Mufti of Jerusalem ?)'', [[Le Monde diplomatique]], August 1994.</ref>

On 31 March 1933, within weeks of [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]]'s [[Adolf Hitler's rise to power|rise to power in Germany]], al-Husseini sent a telegram to Berlin addressed to the German Consul-General in the [[Mandatory Palestine|British Mandate of Palestine]] saying that Muslims in Palestine and elsewhere looked forward to spreading their ideology in the Middle East. Al-Husseini secretly met the German Consul-General near the [[Dead Sea]] in 1933 and expressed his approval of the anti-Jewish boycott in Germany and asked him not to send any Jews to Palestine. Later that year, the Mufti's assistants approached Wolff,{{Who|date=August 2011}} seeking his help in establishing an Arab [[National Socialist]] party in Palestine. Reports reaching the foreign offices in Berlin showed high levels of Arab admiration of Hitler.<ref>Nicosia (2000), pp. 85–86.</ref>

Al-Husseini met the German Foreign Minister, [[Joachim von Ribbentrop]] on 20 November 1941, and was officially received by Hitler on 30 November 1941, in Berlin.<ref>Segev (2001), p. 463.</ref> He asked Hitler for a public declaration that "recognized and sympathized with the Arab struggles for independence and liberation, and that it would support the elimination of a national Jewish homeland", and he submitted to the German government a draft of such a declaration, containing the clause.<ref name="declaration">Lewis (1984), p. 190.</ref>

Al-Husseini aided the Axis cause in the Middle East by issuing a fatwa for a [[Jihad|holy war]] against Britain in May 1941. The Mufti's proclamation against Britain was declared in Iraq, where he was instrumental in the outbreak of the [[Anglo-Iraqi War|Anglo-Iraqi War of 1941]].<ref>Hirszowicz, pp. 82–83</ref> During the war, the Mufti repeatedly made requests to "the German government to bomb Tel Aviv".<ref>Lewis (1995), p. 351.</ref>

Al-Husseini was involved in the organization and recruitment of [[History of Bosnia and Herzegovina (1941–45)|Bosnian]] [[Bosniaks#Yugoslavia and World War II|Muslims]] into several divisions of the [[Waffen SS]] and other units.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10007255 |title=Hajj Amin Al-Husayni: The Mufti of Jerusalem |access-date=2007-10-19 |date=25 June 2007 |publisher=[[Holocaust Encyclopedia]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071018095955/http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10007255 |archive-date=18 October 2007 }}</ref> and also blessed sabotage teams trained by Germans before they were dispatched to [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]], [[Iraq]], and [[Emirate of Transjordan|Transjordan]].<ref>{{cite book |title=The Beast Reawakens|last=Lee |first=Martin A. |year=1999 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-0-415-92546-4 |page=123}}</ref>

=====Iraq=====
{{Main|History of the Jews in Iraq}}
In March 1940, General [[Rashid Ali]], a nationalist Iraqi officer forced the pro-British Iraqi [[Prime Minister of Iraq|Prime Minister]] [[Nuri Said Pasha]], to resign.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.csus.edu/indiv/s/scottjc/coup.htm |title=Iraqi Coup: The Coup |access-date=2007-10-19 |last=Scott |first=James C. |date=9 August 2001 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071024000835/http://www.csus.edu/indiv/s/scottjc/coup.htm |archive-date=24 October 2007 }}</ref> In May, he declared [[jihad]] against Great Britain, effectively issued a declaration of war. Forty days later, British troops had [[Anglo-Iraqi War|defeated his forces]] and occupied the country. The [[1941 Iraqi coup d'état]] occurred on 3 April 1941, when the regime of the Regent [['Abd al-Ilah]] was overthrown, and [[Rashid Ali]] was installed as Prime Minister.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.csus.edu/indiv/s/scottjc/introduction.htm |title=Iraqi Coup: Introduction |access-date=2007-10-18 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071024000840/http://www.csus.edu/indiv/s/scottjc/introduction.htm |archive-date=24 October 2007 }}</ref>

In 1941, following [[Rashid Ali]]'s pro-[[Axis Powers|Axis]] coup, riots known as the ''[[Farhud]]'' broke out in [[Baghdad]] in which approximately 180 Jews were killed and about 240 were wounded, 586 Jewish-owned businesses were looted and 99 Jewish houses were destroyed.<ref>Levin, Itamar (2001). ''Locked Doors: The Seizure of Jewish Property in Arab Countries''. (Praeger/Greenwood) {{ISBN|0-275-97134-1}}, p. 6.</ref>
[[File:Farhud mass grave.jpg|thumb|[[Mass grave]] of victims of the ''[[Farhud]]'', 1941]]
Iraq initially forbade the emigration of its Jews after the 1948 war on the grounds that allowing them to go to Israel would strengthen that state, but they were allowed to emigrate again after 1950, if they agreed to forgo their assets.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/anti-semitism/iraqijews.html |title=The Jews of Iraq |access-date=2007-10-17 |last=Bard |first=Michell |year=2007 |encyclopedia=[[Jewish Virtual Library]] }}</ref>{{better source needed|date=June 2022}}