Editing Antisemitism in Christianity (section)

==19th century==
{{See also|Christianity and Judaism|Relations between Catholicism and Judaism}}
{{unreferenced section|date=September 2014}}
Throughout the 19th century and into the 20th, the Roman Catholic Church still incorporated strong anti-Semitic elements, despite increasing attempts to separate anti-Judaism (opposition to the Jewish religion on religious grounds) and racial anti-Semitism. Brown University historian [[David Kertzer]], working from the Vatican archive, has argued in his book ''[[The Popes Against the Jews]]'' that in the 19th and early 20th centuries the Roman Catholic Church adhered to a distinction between "good anti-Semitism" and "bad anti-Semitism". The "bad" kind promoted hatred of Jews because of their descent. This was considered un-Christian because the Christian message was intended for all of humanity regardless of ethnicity; anyone could become a Christian. The "good" kind criticized alleged [[Jewish conspiracy|Jewish conspiracies]] to control newspapers, banks, and other institutions, to care only about the accumulation of wealth, etc. Many Catholic bishops wrote articles criticizing Jews on such grounds, and, when they were accused of promoting hatred of Jews, they would remind people that they condemned the "bad" kind of anti-Semitism. Kertzer's work is not without critics. Jewish-Christian relations scholar [[Rabbi David G. Dalin]], for example, criticized Kertzer in the ''[[Weekly Standard]]'' for using evidence selectively.{{citation needed|date=March 2024}}

===Opposition to the French Revolution===

The [[counter-revolutionary]] Catholic royalist [[Louis de Bonald]] stands out among the earliest figures to explicitly call for the reversal of Jewish emancipation in the wake of the [[French Revolution]].<ref name="Battini1">{{Cite book|title=Socialism of Fools: Capitalism and Modern Anti-Semitism|last=Battini|first=Michele|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=2016|pages=2–7 and 30–37}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Katz |first1=Jacob |title=From Prejudice to Destruction: Anti-Semitism, 1700–1933 |date=1980 |publisher=Harvard University Press |pages=112–115}}</ref> Bonald's attacks on the Jews are likely to have influenced [[Napoléon Bonaparte|Napoleon]]'s decision to limit the civil rights of Alsatian Jews.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Socialism of Fools: Capitalism and Modern Anti-Semitism|last=Battini|first=Michele|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=2016|page=164}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Garṭner |first1=Aryeh |last2=Gartner |first2=Lloyd P. |title=History of the Jews in Modern Times |url=https://archive.org/details/historyjewsmoder00gart |url-access=limited |date=2001 |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=[https://archive.org/details/historyjewsmoder00gart/page/n128 116]|isbn=978-0-19-289259-1 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Joskowicz |first1=Ari |title=The Modernity of Others: Jewish Anti-Catholicism in Germany and France |date=2013 |publisher=Stanford University Press |page=99}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Michael |first1=Robert |last2=Rosen |first2=Philip |title=Dictionary of Anti-Semitism from the Earliest Times to the Present |date=2007 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |page=67}}</ref> Bonald's article {{Lang|fr|Sur les juifs}} (1806) was one of the most venomous screeds of its era and furnished a paradigm which combined anti-liberalism, a defense of a rural society, traditional Christian anti-Semitism, and the identification of Jews with bankers and finance capital, which would in turn influence many subsequent right-wing reactionaries such as [[Roger Gougenot des Mousseaux]], [[Charles Maurras]], and [[Édouard Drumont]], nationalists such as [[Maurice Barrès]] and [[Paolo Orano]], and anti-Semitic socialists such as [[Alphonse Toussenel]].<ref name="Battini1" /><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sanos |first1=Sandrine |title=The Aesthetics of Hate: Far-Right Intellectuals, Antisemitism, and Gender in 1930s France |date=2012 |publisher=Stanford University Press |page=47}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Laqueur |first1=Walter |last2=Baumel |first2=Judith Tydor |title=The Holocaust Encyclopedia |url=https://archive.org/details/holocaustencyclo00baum |url-access=limited |date=2001 |publisher=Yale University Press |page=[https://archive.org/details/holocaustencyclo00baum/page/n60 20]|isbn=9780300084320 }}</ref> Bonald furthermore declared that the Jews were an "alien" people, a "state within a state", and should be forced to wear a distinctive mark to more easily identify and discriminate against them.<ref name="Battini1" /><ref name="Michael1" />

In the 1840s, the popular counter-revolutionary Catholic journalist [[Louis Veuillot]] propagated Bonald's arguments against the Jewish "financial aristocracy" along with vicious attacks against the Talmud and the Jews as a "deicidal people" driven by hatred to "enslave" Christians.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Graetz |first1=Michael |title=The Jews in Nineteenth-century France: From the French Revolution to the Alliance Israélite Universelle |date=1996 |publisher=Stanford University Press |page=208}}</ref><ref name="Michael1">{{cite book |last1=Michael |first1=Robert |title=A History of Catholic Antisemitism: The Dark Side of the Church |date=2008 |publisher=Springer |pages=128–129}}</ref> Gougenot des Mousseaux's {{Lang|fr|Le Juif, le judaïsme et la judaïsation des peuples chrétiens}} (1869) has been called a "Bible of modern anti-Semitism" and was translated into German by Nazi ideologue [[Alfred Rosenberg]].<ref name="Michael1" /> Between 1882 and 1886 alone, French priests published twenty anti-Semitic books blaming France's ills on the Jews and urging the government to consign them back to the ghettos, expel them, or hang them from the gallows.<ref name="Michael1" />

In Italy, the Jesuit priest [[Antonio Bresciani (writer)|Antonio Bresciani]]'s highly popular novel 1850 novel ''L'Ebreo di Verona'' (''The Jew of Verona'') shaped religious anti-Semitism for decades, as did his work for ''[[La Civiltà Cattolica]]'', which he helped launch.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Brustein |first1=William |title=Roots of Hate: Anti-Semitism in Europe Before the Holocaust |url=https://archive.org/details/rootshateantisem00brus_487 |url-access=limited |date=2003 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=[https://archive.org/details/rootshateantisem00brus_487/page/n93 76]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Feinstein |first1=Wiley |title=The Civilization of the Holocaust in Italy: Poets, Artists, Saints, Anti-semites |date=2003 |publisher=Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press |pages=151–152}}</ref>

[[Pope Pius VII]] (1800–1823) had the walls of the Jewish [[ghetto]] in Rome rebuilt after the Jews were [[Jewish emancipation|emancipated]] by [[Napoleon and the Jews|Napoleon]], and Jews were restricted to the ghetto through the end of the [[Papal States]] in 1870. Official Catholic organizations, such as the [[Jesuits]], banned candidates "who are descended from the Jewish race unless it is clear that their father, grandfather, and great-grandfather have belonged to the Catholic Church" until 1946.